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- 7 October 2026
- Published by Springer Nature in The European Physical Journal C
Weak triplet models of neutrino magnetic moments
by Svjetlana Fajfer, Shaikh Saad
Experimental limits on neutrino magnetic moments remain several orders of magnitude above the predictions of the Standard Model; therefore, any future detection would provide unambiguous evidence for new physics. In models with Dirac neutrinos, however, mechanisms that enhance the magnetic moment typically generate excessively large neutrino masses. Recently, it has been argued that in frameworks where neutrinos mix with weak-triplet Dirac fermions, the magnetic moment can be decoupled from the neutrino mass. In this work, we revisit this possibility and show that sizable enhancements remain highly nontrivial to realize naturally. We demonstrate that, although the minimal realization allows the magnetic moment to be decoupled from the neutrino mass, obtaining an observable enhancement requires a delicate adjustment of the model parameters. Moreover, in extended scenarios, the decoupling no longer persists: the magnetic moment and neutrino mass become intrinsically linked, such that attempts to enhance the former inevitably induce large contributions to the latter.
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- 7 October 2026
- Published by Springer Nature in The European Physical Journal C
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Weak triplet models of neutrino magnetic moments
by Svjetlana Fajfer, Shaikh Saad
Experimental limits on neutrino magnetic moments remain several orders of magnitude above the predictions of the Standard Model; therefore, any future detection would provide unambiguous evidence for new physics. In models with Dirac neutrinos, however, mechanisms that enhance the magnetic moment typically generate excessively large neutrino masses. Recently, it has been argued that in frameworks where neutrinos mix with weak-triplet Dirac fermions, the magnetic moment can be decoupled from the neutrino mass. In this work, we revisit this possibility and show that sizable enhancements remain highly nontrivial to realize naturally. We demonstrate that, although the minimal realization allows the magnetic moment to be decoupled from the neutrino mass, obtaining an observable enhancement requires a delicate adjustment of the model parameters. Moreover, in extended scenarios, the decoupling no longer persists: the magnetic moment and neutrino mass become intrinsically linked, such that attempts to enhance the former inevitably induce large contributions to the latter.
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- 4 August 2026
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review D
Probing the neutrino mass through semileptonic meson decays
by Damir Bečirević, Claire Chevallier, Svjetlana Fajfer, Nejc Košnik, Lovre Pavičić
We argue that a detailed analysis of semileptonic decays can test the possibility of a massive neutrino. The key observable, related to the forward–backward asymmetry, is exactly zero for a massless neutrino but becomes nonzero if the neutral lepton is heavy and interacts with Standard Model fields via lefthanded operators. For righthanded interactions, this quantity differs significantly from zero even for a massless righthanded neutrino. We demonstrate this explicitly using the example of a pseudoscalar meson decaying into another pseudoscalar meson. A similar discussion applies to decays into a vector meson, with an additional subtlety addressed in this work.
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- 4 August 2026
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review D
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Probing the neutrino mass through semileptonic meson decays
by Damir Bečirević, Claire Chevallier, Svjetlana Fajfer, Nejc Košnik, Lovre Pavičić
We argue that a detailed analysis of semileptonic decays can test the possibility of a massive neutrino. The key observable, related to the forward–backward asymmetry, is exactly zero for a massless neutrino but becomes nonzero if the neutral lepton is heavy and interacts with Standard Model fields via lefthanded operators. For righthanded interactions, this quantity differs significantly from zero even for a massless righthanded neutrino. We demonstrate this explicitly using the example of a pseudoscalar meson decaying into another pseudoscalar meson. A similar discussion applies to decays into a vector meson, with an additional subtlety addressed in this work.
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- 23 June 2026
- Published by Springer Nature in Journal of High Energy Physics
Erratum: New avenues for |∆B| = 2 processes beyond neutron-antineutron oscillations
by Arnau Bas i Beneito, Svjetlana Fajfer, Alexey A. Petrov
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- 23 June 2026
- Published by Springer Nature in Journal of High Energy Physics
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Erratum: New avenues for |∆B| = 2 processes beyond neutron-antineutron oscillations
by Arnau Bas i Beneito, Svjetlana Fajfer, Alexey A. Petrov
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Cited by 3
- 12 March 2026
- Published by Springer Nature in Journal of High Energy Physics
New avenues for |∆B| = 2 processes beyond neutron-antineutron oscillations
by Arnau Bas i Beneito, Svjetlana Fajfer, Alexey A. Petrov
A bstract: We explore baryon-number-violating (|∆ B | = 2) processes beyond the well-known neutron-antineutron ( $$ n-\overline{n} $$ $n - \bar{n}$ ) oscillations, focusing on the $$ \Lambda -\overline{\Lambda} $$ $Λ - \bar{Λ}$ system. The presence of a strange quark in the Λ baryon introduces a new set of six-quark operators roughly of the form ( uds ) ² , which are different from the ( udd ) ² operators responsible for $$ n-\overline{n} $$ $n - \bar{n}$ oscillations. Using the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT), we classify all dimension-9 operators that cause |∆ B | = 2 transitions and study their UV completions mediated by exotic scalar fields with trilinear interactions. We demonstrate that in these models, $$ \Lambda -\overline{\Lambda} $$ $Λ - \bar{Λ}$ oscillations can occur at tree level, with $$ n-\overline{n} $$ $n - \bar{n}$ mixing potentially appearing at higher loop levels. We employ a chiral effective theory to constrain the effective mass mixing δm _Λ , deriving bounds from current experimental limits on $$ n-\overline{n} $$ $n - \bar{n}$ oscillations and dinucleon decays such as pp → K ⁺ K ⁺ . These bounds indicate that $$ \Lambda -\overline{\Lambda} $$ $Λ - \bar{Λ}$ oscillations probe a complementary parameter space, sensitive to baryon-number violation at scales up to 10 ² − 10 ³ TeV. We show that the existing indirect bounds make it challenging to provide a competitive bound on δm _Λ at BESIII.
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- 12 March 2026
- Published by Springer Nature in Journal of High Energy Physics
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New avenues for |∆B| = 2 processes beyond neutron-antineutron oscillations
by Arnau Bas i Beneito, Svjetlana Fajfer, Alexey A. Petrov
A bstract: We explore baryon-number-violating (|∆ B | = 2) processes beyond the well-known neutron-antineutron ( $$ n-\overline{n} $$ $n - \bar{n}$ ) oscillations, focusing on the $$ \Lambda -\overline{\Lambda} $$ $Λ - \bar{Λ}$ system. The presence of a strange quark in the Λ baryon introduces a new set of six-quark operators roughly of the form ( uds ) ² , which are different from the ( udd ) ² operators responsible for $$ n-\overline{n} $$ $n - \bar{n}$ oscillations. Using the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT), we classify all dimension-9 operators that cause |∆ B | = 2 transitions and study their UV completions mediated by exotic scalar fields with trilinear interactions. We demonstrate that in these models, $$ \Lambda -\overline{\Lambda} $$ $Λ - \bar{Λ}$ oscillations can occur at tree level, with $$ n-\overline{n} $$ $n - \bar{n}$ mixing potentially appearing at higher loop levels. We employ a chiral effective theory to constrain the effective mass mixing δm _Λ , deriving bounds from current experimental limits on $$ n-\overline{n} $$ $n - \bar{n}$ oscillations and dinucleon decays such as pp → K ⁺ K ⁺ . These bounds indicate that $$ \Lambda -\overline{\Lambda} $$ $Λ - \bar{Λ}$ oscillations probe a complementary parameter space, sensitive to baryon-number violation at scales up to 10 ² − 10 ³ TeV. We show that the existing indirect bounds make it challenging to provide a competitive bound on δm _Λ at BESIII.
Cited by 3
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- 20 January 2026
- Published by Sissa Medialab Srl
Minimal scalar leptoquark model for $R_{D(*)}$
by Lovre Pavičić, Damir Becirevic, Svjetlana Fajfer, Nejc Košnik
Motivated by the long-standing discrepancy in lepton flavor universality ratios $R_D$ and $R_{D^*}$ we assess the status of scalar leptoquark states $R_2$, $\tilde{R}_2$, and $S_1$ which can in principle provide a desired enhancement of $Br(B\rightarrow D^{(*)} \tau \nu)$ in a minimal setup with two Yukawa couplings only. We consider unavoidable low-energy constraints, $Z$-pole measurements as well as high-$p_T$ constraints. After setting mass of each leptoquark to $1.5$ TeV we find that of all considered states only $S_1$ leptoquark, coupled to both chiralities of leptons and quarks, is still a completely viable solution. On the other hand, the scenario with $R_2$ is in growing tension with $\Gamma(Z\rightarrow \tau\tau)$ and with the LHC constraints on the di-tau tails at high-$p_T$ while the $\tilde{R}_2$ scenario is excluded by the $Br(B\rightarrow K^{(*)} \nu\nu)$ observable. We comment on the future experimental tests of $S_1$ scenario. Furthermore, a scenario of the $S_1$ leptoquark coupled exclusively to right-handed SM fermions and a right-handed neutrino $N_R$ is also investigated as a potential solution for the $R_{D^{(*)}}$ with possible effects also in $Br(B\rightarrow K \nu \nu)$ .
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- 20 January 2026
- Published by Sissa Medialab Srl
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Minimal scalar leptoquark model for $R_{D(*)}$
by Lovre Pavičić, Damir Becirevic, Svjetlana Fajfer, Nejc Košnik
Motivated by the long-standing discrepancy in lepton flavor universality ratios $R_D$ and $R_{D^*}$ we assess the status of scalar leptoquark states $R_2$, $\tilde{R}_2$, and $S_1$ which can in principle provide a desired enhancement of $Br(B\rightarrow D^{(*)} \tau \nu)$ in a minimal setup with two Yukawa couplings only. We consider unavoidable low-energy constraints, $Z$-pole measurements as well as high-$p_T$ constraints. After setting mass of each leptoquark to $1.5$ TeV we find that of all considered states only $S_1$ leptoquark, coupled to both chiralities of leptons and quarks, is still a completely viable solution. On the other hand, the scenario with $R_2$ is in growing tension with $\Gamma(Z\rightarrow \tau\tau)$ and with the LHC constraints on the di-tau tails at high-$p_T$ while the $\tilde{R}_2$ scenario is excluded by the $Br(B\rightarrow K^{(*)} \nu\nu)$ observable. We comment on the future experimental tests of $S_1$ scenario. Furthermore, a scenario of the $S_1$ leptoquark coupled exclusively to right-handed SM fermions and a right-handed neutrino $N_R$ is also investigated as a potential solution for the $R_{D^{(*)}}$ with possible effects also in $Br(B\rightarrow K \nu \nu)$ .
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- 7 November 2025
- Published by arXiv in arXiv
New Avenues for $|ΔB|$ = 2 Processes Beyond Neutron-Antineutron Oscillations
by Arnau Bas i Beneito, Svjetlana Fajfer, Alexey A. Petrov
We explore baryon-number-violating ($|ΔB| = 2$) processes beyond the well-known neutron-antineutron ($n - \bar{n}$) oscillations, focusing on the $Λ- \bar Λ$ system. The presence of a strange quark in the $Λ$ baryon introduces a new set of six-quark operators roughly of the form $(uds)^2$, which are different from the $(udd)^2$ operators responsible for $n - \bar{n}$ oscillations. Using the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT), we classify all dimension-9 operators that cause $|ΔB|=2$ transitions and study their UV completions mediated by exotic scalar fields with trilinear interactions. We demonstrate that in these models, $Λ- \bar Λ$ oscillations can occur at tree level, with $n - \bar{n}$ mixing potentially appearing at higher loop levels. We employ a chiral effective theory to constrain the effective mass mixing $δm_Λ$, deriving bounds from current experimental limits on $n - \bar{n}$ oscillations and dinucleon decays such as $p \,p \to K^+ K^+$. These bounds indicate that $Λ- \barΛ$ oscillations probe a complementary parameter space, sensitive to baryon-number violation at scales up to $10^2-10^3$ TeV. We show that the existing indirect bounds make it challenging to provide a competitive bound on $δm_Λ$ at BESIII.
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- 7 November 2025
- Published by arXiv in arXiv
Open Access
New Avenues for $|ΔB|$ = 2 Processes Beyond Neutron-Antineutron Oscillations
by Arnau Bas i Beneito, Svjetlana Fajfer, Alexey A. Petrov
We explore baryon-number-violating ($|ΔB| = 2$) processes beyond the well-known neutron-antineutron ($n - \bar{n}$) oscillations, focusing on the $Λ- \bar Λ$ system. The presence of a strange quark in the $Λ$ baryon introduces a new set of six-quark operators roughly of the form $(uds)^2$, which are different from the $(udd)^2$ operators responsible for $n - \bar{n}$ oscillations. Using the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT), we classify all dimension-9 operators that cause $|ΔB|=2$ transitions and study their UV completions mediated by exotic scalar fields with trilinear interactions. We demonstrate that in these models, $Λ- \bar Λ$ oscillations can occur at tree level, with $n - \bar{n}$ mixing potentially appearing at higher loop levels. We employ a chiral effective theory to constrain the effective mass mixing $δm_Λ$, deriving bounds from current experimental limits on $n - \bar{n}$ oscillations and dinucleon decays such as $p \,p \to K^+ K^+$. These bounds indicate that $Λ- \barΛ$ oscillations probe a complementary parameter space, sensitive to baryon-number violation at scales up to $10^2-10^3$ TeV. We show that the existing indirect bounds make it challenging to provide a competitive bound on $δm_Λ$ at BESIII.
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Cited by 4
- 5 November 2025
- Published by Springer Nature in Journal of High Energy Physics
Beyond neutrino mass: observable n-$ \overline{n} $ oscillations in UV complete seesaw models
by Ilja Doršner, Svjetlana Fajfer, Shaikh Saad
A bstract: Next-generation experiments, such as the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment and the European Spallation Source, are set to improve sensitivity to neutron-antineutron oscillation, a direct probe of ∆ B = 2 baryon number violation, with particularly significant gains expected at the latter. The discovery of such a rare ∆ B = 2 process would indicate physics beyond the Standard Model and could point to specific unified theories that allow observable $$ n-\overline{n} $$ $n - \bar{n}$ transitions. We accordingly examine $$ n-\overline{n} $$ $n - \bar{n}$ oscillations within a unified framework that accounts for charged fermion masses and generates viable neutrino masses via the seesaw mechanism. More specifically, we show that $$ n-\overline{n} $$ $n - \bar{n}$ oscillations can arise from two specific topologies within two distinct SU(5) scenarios. One topology requires a presence of two color-sextet scalars in the Type II seesaw framework, whereas the other involves a scalar sextet and a color-octet fermion in the Type III seesaw framework. While the former topology can be realized in the SO(10)/Pati-Salam frameworks, the latter finds a natural embedding in SU(5), which constitutes one of the key novelties of our work. Remarkably enough, the same dynamics responsible for fermion masses also induces baryon number violation, thus linking $$ n-\overline{n} $$ $n - \bar{n}$ oscillations to the flavor structure of the theory. We show that, given a TeV-scale mass for one of the colored states, upcoming searches for such ∆ B = 2 processes can probe for a presence of the other colored states with masses up to 10 ¹¹ GeV, well beyond the reach of colliders. This positions $$ n-\overline{n} $$ $n - \bar{n}$ oscillations as a rare low-energy portal to grand unification and ultra-heavy new physics.
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- 5 November 2025
- Published by Springer Nature in Journal of High Energy Physics
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Beyond neutrino mass: observable n-$ \overline{n} $ oscillations in UV complete seesaw models
by Ilja Doršner, Svjetlana Fajfer, Shaikh Saad
A bstract: Next-generation experiments, such as the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment and the European Spallation Source, are set to improve sensitivity to neutron-antineutron oscillation, a direct probe of ∆ B = 2 baryon number violation, with particularly significant gains expected at the latter. The discovery of such a rare ∆ B = 2 process would indicate physics beyond the Standard Model and could point to specific unified theories that allow observable $$ n-\overline{n} $$ $n - \bar{n}$ transitions. We accordingly examine $$ n-\overline{n} $$ $n - \bar{n}$ oscillations within a unified framework that accounts for charged fermion masses and generates viable neutrino masses via the seesaw mechanism. More specifically, we show that $$ n-\overline{n} $$ $n - \bar{n}$ oscillations can arise from two specific topologies within two distinct SU(5) scenarios. One topology requires a presence of two color-sextet scalars in the Type II seesaw framework, whereas the other involves a scalar sextet and a color-octet fermion in the Type III seesaw framework. While the former topology can be realized in the SO(10)/Pati-Salam frameworks, the latter finds a natural embedding in SU(5), which constitutes one of the key novelties of our work. Remarkably enough, the same dynamics responsible for fermion masses also induces baryon number violation, thus linking $$ n-\overline{n} $$ $n - \bar{n}$ oscillations to the flavor structure of the theory. We show that, given a TeV-scale mass for one of the colored states, upcoming searches for such ∆ B = 2 processes can probe for a presence of the other colored states with masses up to 10 ¹¹ GeV, well beyond the reach of colliders. This positions $$ n-\overline{n} $$ $n - \bar{n}$ oscillations as a rare low-energy portal to grand unification and ultra-heavy new physics.
Cited by 4
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- 17 October 2025
- Published by arXiv in arXiv
Neutrino Mass Induced $n$-$\overline{n}$ Oscillation
by Ilja Dorsner, Svjetlana Fajfer, Shaikh Saad
The Georgi-Glashow model is the simplest possible attempt at grand unification. However, due to its particle content, it preserves a global $U(1)_{B-L}$ symmetry, where $B$ and $L$ are baryon and lepton numbers, respectively. It thus leaves neutrinos massless just as in the Standard Model. Extensions of the Georgi-Glashow model that break lepton number by two units, i.e., scenarios with $|ΔL|=2$ operator(s), naturally generate potentially viable Majorana neutrino masses. Consequently, $B-L$ breaking via the same dynamics that yields $|ΔL| = 2$ interactions unavoidably induces $|ΔB| = 2$ transitions, leading to intriguing processes such as neutron-antineutron ($n$-$\overline{n}$) oscillation. We demonstrate this intrinsic connection between neutrino mass generation and $n$-$\overline{n}$ oscillation within tree-level seesaw mechanisms of the Type I, II, and III varieties, as well as in the one-loop and two-loop radiative neutrino mass models. Our study exhausts the simplest possible extensions of the Georgi-Glashow model that yield realistic neutrino masses and mixing parameters and, in the process, induce $n$-$\overline{n}$ oscillation.
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- 17 October 2025
- Published by arXiv in arXiv
Open Access
Neutrino Mass Induced $n$-$\overline{n}$ Oscillation
by Ilja Dorsner, Svjetlana Fajfer, Shaikh Saad
The Georgi-Glashow model is the simplest possible attempt at grand unification. However, due to its particle content, it preserves a global $U(1)_{B-L}$ symmetry, where $B$ and $L$ are baryon and lepton numbers, respectively. It thus leaves neutrinos massless just as in the Standard Model. Extensions of the Georgi-Glashow model that break lepton number by two units, i.e., scenarios with $|ΔL|=2$ operator(s), naturally generate potentially viable Majorana neutrino masses. Consequently, $B-L$ breaking via the same dynamics that yields $|ΔL| = 2$ interactions unavoidably induces $|ΔB| = 2$ transitions, leading to intriguing processes such as neutron-antineutron ($n$-$\overline{n}$) oscillation. We demonstrate this intrinsic connection between neutrino mass generation and $n$-$\overline{n}$ oscillation within tree-level seesaw mechanisms of the Type I, II, and III varieties, as well as in the one-loop and two-loop radiative neutrino mass models. Our study exhausts the simplest possible extensions of the Georgi-Glashow model that yield realistic neutrino masses and mixing parameters and, in the process, induce $n$-$\overline{n}$ oscillation.
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Cited by 9
- 7 August 2025
- Published by IOP Publishing in Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics
Baryon number violation: from nuclear matrix elements to BSM physics
by Leah J Broussard, Andreas Crivellin, Martin Hoferichter, Sergey Syritsyn, Yasumichi Aoki, Joshua L Barrow, Arnau Bas i Beneito, Zurab Berezhiani, Nicola Fulvio Calabria, Svjetlana Fajfer, et al.
Processes that violate baryon number, most notably proton decay and n n ¯ transitions, are promising probes of physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) needed to understand the lack of antimatter in the Universe. To interpret current and forthcoming experimental limits, theory input from nuclear matrix elements to UV complete models enters. Thus, an interplay of experiment, effective field theory, lattice QCD, and BSM model building is required to develop strategies to accurately extract information from current and future data and maximize the impact and sensitivity of next-generation experiments. Here, we briefly summarize the main results and discussions from the workshop ‘INT-25-91W: Baryon Number Violation: From Nuclear Matrix Elements to BSM Physics,’ held at the Institute for Nuclear Theory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 13–17 January 2025.
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- 7 August 2025
- Published by IOP Publishing in Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics
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Baryon number violation: from nuclear matrix elements to BSM physics
by Leah J Broussard, Andreas Crivellin, Martin Hoferichter, Sergey Syritsyn, Yasumichi Aoki, Joshua L Barrow, Arnau Bas i Beneito, Zurab Berezhiani, Nicola Fulvio Calabria, Svjetlana Fajfer, et al.
Processes that violate baryon number, most notably proton decay and n n ¯ transitions, are promising probes of physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) needed to understand the lack of antimatter in the Universe. To interpret current and forthcoming experimental limits, theory input from nuclear matrix elements to UV complete models enters. Thus, an interplay of experiment, effective field theory, lattice QCD, and BSM model building is required to develop strategies to accurately extract information from current and future data and maximize the impact and sensitivity of next-generation experiments. Here, we briefly summarize the main results and discussions from the workshop ‘INT-25-91W: Baryon Number Violation: From Nuclear Matrix Elements to BSM Physics,’ held at the Institute for Nuclear Theory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 13–17 January 2025.
Cited by 9
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Cited by 11
- 28 January 2025
- Published by Springer Nature in Journal of High Energy Physics
Correlating 0νββ decays and flavor observables in leptoquark models
by S. Fajfer, L. P. S. Leal, O. Sumensari, R. Zukanovich Funchal
A bstract: In this paper, we investigate minimal scalar leptoquark models that dynamically generate neutrino Majorana masses at the one-loop level and examine their implications for low-energy processes. We show that these models can produce viable neutrino masses, consistent with neutrino oscillation and cosmological data. By using leptoquark couplings fixed by neutrino data, we predict additional contributions to neutrinoless double-beta decays (0 νββ ), which are chirality enhanced and compete with the standard contributions from the Majorana masses. Our analysis demonstrates that these effects are sizable for leptoquark masses as large as $$ \mathcal{O}\left(300\ \textrm{TeV}\right) $$ $O (300 TeV)$ , potentially increasing or decreasing the 0 νββ half-life, and creating an ambiguity between the normal and inverted mass ordering scenarios. Furthermore, we explore the correlation between 0 νββ and flavor observables, such as kaon decays and μ → e conversion in nuclei, emphasizing that the latter is complementary to 0 νββ decays.
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- 28 January 2025
- Published by Springer Nature in Journal of High Energy Physics
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Correlating 0νββ decays and flavor observables in leptoquark models
by S. Fajfer, L. P. S. Leal, O. Sumensari, R. Zukanovich Funchal
A bstract: In this paper, we investigate minimal scalar leptoquark models that dynamically generate neutrino Majorana masses at the one-loop level and examine their implications for low-energy processes. We show that these models can produce viable neutrino masses, consistent with neutrino oscillation and cosmological data. By using leptoquark couplings fixed by neutrino data, we predict additional contributions to neutrinoless double-beta decays (0 νββ ), which are chirality enhanced and compete with the standard contributions from the Majorana masses. Our analysis demonstrates that these effects are sizable for leptoquark masses as large as $$ \mathcal{O}\left(300\ \textrm{TeV}\right) $$ $O (300 TeV)$ , potentially increasing or decreasing the 0 νββ half-life, and creating an ambiguity between the normal and inverted mass ordering scenarios. Furthermore, we explore the correlation between 0 νββ and flavor observables, such as kaon decays and μ → e conversion in nuclei, emphasizing that the latter is complementary to 0 νββ decays.
Cited by 11

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