Andrew S. Wilson

We report a radio detection of supernova SN 2004ip in the circumnuclear region of the luminous infrared galaxy IRAS 18293-3413 , using Very Large Array (VLA) observations at 8.4 GHz on 2007 June 11. SN 2004ip had been previously discovered at near-infrared wavelengths using adaptive optics observations, but its nature (core collapse or thermonuclear) could not be definitely established. Our radio detection, about 3 years after the explosion of the supernova, indicates a prominent interaction of the ejecta of SN 2004ip with the circumstellar medium, confirming that the supernova was a core collapse event (probably a Type II) and strongly suggesting that its progenitor was a massive star with a significant mass loss prior to its explosion. SN 2004ip has a 8.4 GHz luminosity of 3.5 × 10²⁷ ergs s^-1 Hz^-1, about 3 times as bright as SN 2000ft in NGC 7469 at a similar age; given its projected distance to the nucleus (~500 pc), it is one of the closest of all known radio SNe to a galaxy nucleus and one of the brightest radio SNe ever.

Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A) is an international journal which publishes papers on all aspects of astronomy and astrophysics

In this paper, we focus on the limb-brightened, prolate spheroidal cavity of the radio galaxy Cygnus A, as revealed by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. We use the shock heated, thermal intracluster medium around the expanding cavity to infer the properties of the radio synchrotron-emitting gas inside the cavity. The gas along the N and S edges of the cavity is found to have an average temperature of 6.0 keV, which is hotter than the temperature (4.6 keV) of the adjacent intracluster gas. It is proposed that this hotter gas is intracluster gas shocked by the expanding cavity. The shock is thus inferred to be weak (Mach number 1.3, a value also inferred from the density jump at the cavity edge) and its velocity 1,460 km/s. The total kinetic power of the expansion is found to be 1.2 x 10^{46} erg/s, which is larger than both the total radio power and the power emitted by the entire intracluster medium in the 2 -- 10 keV band. It appears that most of the power of the jets in Cygnus A is currently going into heating the intracluster medium. From the derived pressure inside the cavity, there is no conclusive evidence for a component contributing pressure additional to the magnetic fields and relativistic particles responsible for the synchrotron radio emission. Further, the ratio of energy densities in positive to negative cosmic rays in Cygnus A is between 1 and 100 (the value in our Galaxy).

We reanalyze the deep Chandra observations of the M87 jet, first examined by Wilson & Yang in 2002. By employing an analysis chain that also includes image deconvolution, knots HST-1 and I are fully separated from adjacent emission. We derive the spatially resolved X-ray spectrum of the jet using the most recent response functions and find slight but significant variations in the spectral shape, with values of α_X(S_ν ∝ ν^-α) ranging from ~1.2-1.4 (in the nucleus and knots HST-1, D, and C) to ~1.6 (in knots F, A, and B). We make use of VLA radio observations, as well as HST imaging and polarimetry data, to examine the jet's broadband spectrum and inquire as to the nature of particle acceleration in the jet. As shown in previous papers, a simple continuous injection model for the synchrotron-emitting knots, in which one holds constant both the filling factor f_acc of the regions within which particles are accelerated and the energy spectrum of the injected particles, cannot account for the flux or spectrum of the X-ray emission. Instead, we propose that f_acc is a function of both position and energy and find that in the inner jet, f_acc ∝ E ∝ E, and in knots A and B, f_acc ∝ E ∝ E, where E_γ is the energy of the emitted photon and E_e is the energy of the emitting electron. In this model, the index p of the relativistic electron energy spectrum at injection [n(E_e) ∝ E] is p = 2.2 at all energies and all locations along the jet, in excellent agreement with the predictions of models of cosmic-ray acceleration by ultrarelativistic shocks (p = 2.23). There is a strong correlation between the peaks of X-ray emission and minima of optical percentage polarization, i.e., regions where the jet magnetic field is not ordered. We suggest that the X-ray peaks coincide with shock waves that accelerate the X-ray-emitting electrons and cause changes in the direction of the magnetic field; the polarization is thus small because of beam averaging.

We present the completed results of a high resolution radio imaging survey of all (~200) low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (LLAGNs) and AGNs in the Palomar Spectroscopic Sample of all (~488) bright northern galaxies. The high incidences of pc-scale radio nuclei, with implied brightness temperatures ≳K, and sub-parsec jets argue for accreting black holes in ≳50% of all LINERs and low-luminosity Seyferts; there is no evidence against all LLAGNs being mini-AGNs. The detected parsec-scale radio nuclei are preferentially found in massive ellipticals and in type 1 nuclei (i.e. nuclei with broad Hα emission). The radio luminosity function (RLF) of Palomar Sample LLAGNs and AGNs extends three orders of magnitude below, and is continuous with, that of “classical” AGNs. We find marginal evidence for a low-luminosity turnover in the RLF; nevertheless LLAGNs are responsible for a significant fraction of present day mass accretion. Adopting a model of a relativistic jet from Falcke & Biermann, we show that the accretion power output in LLAGNs is dominated by the kinetic power in the observed jets rather than the radiated bolometric luminosity. The Palomar LLAGNs and AGNs follow the same scaling between jet kinetic power and narrow line region (NLR) luminosity as the parsec to kilo-parsec jets in powerful radio galaxies. Eddington ratios (=) of ≤10 are implied in jet models of the radio emission. We find evidence that, in analogy to Galactic black hole candidates, LINERs are in a “low/hard” state (gas poor nuclei, low Eddington ratio, ability to launch collimated jets) while low-luminosity Seyferts are in a “high” state (gas rich nuclei, higher Eddington ratio, less likely to launch collimated jets). In addition to dominating the radiated bolometric luminosity of the nucleus, the radio jets are energetically more significant than supernovae in the host galaxies, and are potentially able to deposit sufficient energy into the innermost parsecs to significantly slow the gas supply to the accretion disk.

We report Chandra X-ray Observatory and 1.4 GHz Australian Long Baseline Array (LBA) observations of the radio galaxy PKS 2153--69 and its environment. The Chandra image reveals a roughly spherical halo of hot gas extending out to 30 kpc around PKS 2153--69. Two depressions in the surface brightness of the X-ray halo correspond to the large scale radio lobes, and interpreting these as cavities inflated with radio plasma we infer a jet power of 4x10^42 erg/s. Both radio lobes contain hot spots that are detected by Chandra. In addition, the southern hot spot is detected in the 1.4 GHz LBA observation, providing the highest linear resolution image of a radio lobe hot spot to date. The northern hot spot was not detected in the LBA observation. The radio to X-ray spectra of the hot spots are consistent with a simple power law emission model. The nucleus has an X-ray spectrum typical of a type 1 active galactic nucleus, and the LBA observation shows a one-sided nuclear jet on 0.1" scales. Approximately 10" northeast of the nucleus, X-ray emission is associated with an extra-nuclear cloud. The X-ray emission from the cloud can be divided into two regions, an unresolved western component associated with a knot of radio emission (in a low resolution map), and a spatially extended eastern component aligned with the pc-scale jet and associated with highly ionized optical line-emitting clouds. The X-ray spectrum of the eastern component is very soft (Gamma > 4.0 for a power law model or kT ~0.22 keV for a thermal plasma). The LBA observation did not detect compact radio emission from the extra-nuclear cloud. (Abstract truncated).

We present the completed results of a high resolution radio imaging survey of all (~200) low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (LLAGNs) and AGNs in the Palomar Spectroscopic Sample. The high incidences of pc-scale radio nuclei, with T(brightness) >=10^7 K, and sub-parsec jets argue for accreting black holes in >=50% of all LINERs and low-luminosity Seyferts; there is no evidence against all LLAGNs being mini-AGNs. The radio luminosity function (RLF) of Palomar Sample LLAGNs and AGNs extends three orders of magnitude below, and is continuous with, that of `classical' AGNs. We find marginal evidence for a low-power turnover in the RLF; nevertheless LLAGNs are responsible for a significant fraction of present day mass accretion. Adopting the jet model of Falcke & Biermann, we show that the accretion energy output in LLAGNs is dominated by the energy in the observed jets rather than the radiated bolometric luminosity. The Palomar LLAGNs and AGNs follow the same scaling between jet power and narrow line region (NLR) luminosity as the pc to kpc jets in powerful radio galaxies. Eddington ratios of <= 10^{-1} - 10^{-5} are implied in jet models of the radio emission. We find evidence that, in analogy to Galactic black hole candidates, LINERs are in a `low/hard' state (gas poor nuclei, low Eddington ratio, ability to launch collimated jets) while low-luminosity Seyferts are in a `high' state (gas rich nuclei, higher Eddington ratio, less likely to launch collimated jets). The jets are energetically more significant than supernovae in the LLAGN host galaxies, and are potentially able to deposit sufficient energy into the innermost parsecs to significantly slow the gas supply to the accretion disk.