Muhammad Jamal

This study examined the differences between full-time self-employed and organizationally employed individuals in Canada (N=248) and Pakistan (N=306) with regard to quality of work and nonwork life. Quality of work and nonwork life was operationalized in terms of job stress, burnout, job satisfaction, health problems, time spent with family and social participation. Data were collected from a structured questionnaire given to Canadian employees in Montreal and Pakistani employees in Lahore. One-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, and MANOVA were used to analyze the data. In both countries, the self-employed reported higher job stress, burnout, health problems and social participation than the organizationally employed. Furthermore, the self-employed spent significantly less time with family than the organizationally employed, both in Canadian and Pakistani samples. No significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of job satisfaction in both countries. Results are discussed in light of previous empirical evidence on self-employment and quality of work and nonwork life from a cross-cultural management perspective.

This study examined the differences between full‐time self‐employed and organizationally employed individuals in Canada (n = 248) and Pakistan (n = 306) in terms of overall burnout and its three dimensions (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and lack of accomplishment), turnover intentions and non‐work satisfaction. Data were collected by means of a structured questionnaire from Canadian employees in Montreal and Pakistani employees in Lahore. One‐way analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of variance were used to analyse the data. The self‐employed reported significantly higher overall burnout, emotional exhaustion, lack of accomplishment, non‐work satisfaction and turnover intention than the organizationally employed in both countries. No significant differences were found between self‐employed and organizationally employed in terms of depersonalization in both countries. Results are discussed in light of previous empirical evidence on self‐employment and the quality of work and non‐work life from cross‐cultural perspectives. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This study examined the relationship of job stress with overall burnout and its three dimensions (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and lack of accomplishment) and health problems among employees in Canada (N = 535) and the People's Republic of China (N = 685). Data were collected by means of a structured questionnaire from Canadian employees in Montreal and Chinese employees in Beijing. Pearson correlation and moderated multiple regressions were used to analyze the data. Job stressors such as work overload, ambiguity, conflict and resource inadequacy, were significantly related to many dependent variables in both countries. Moderated multiple regressions only marginally supported the role of gender as a moderator of stressor‐burnout relationship. Implications of findings are discussed for cross‐cultural research.

This study examined the relationship of job stress, Type‐A behavior and its two components (time pressure and hard driving/competitiveness) with burnout, health problems, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover motivation among employees in Canada (N = 535) and mainland China (N = 685). Data were collected by means of a structured questionnaire from Canadian employees in Montreal and Chinese employees in Beijing. Pearson correlation and moderated multiple regression were used to analyze the data. Job stress, global Type‐A and its two components were significantly related to a number of dependant variables in both countries. Some support for differential effects of Type‐A behavior components was found primarily in the Canadian sample. Implications of findings are discussed for cross‐cultural research. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This study examined the relationship between non‐standard work schedules (shift work and weekend work) and job burnout, stress and psychosomatic health problems among full‐time employed Canadians in a large metropolitan city on the east coast. Data were collected by means of a structured mail back questionnaire (N = 376). Employees involved with weekend work reported significantly higher emotional exhaustion, job stress and psychosomatic health problems than employees not involved with weekend work. Similarly, employees on non‐standard work shifts (other than fixed day shift, 9 a.m.–5 p.m.) reported significantly higher overall burnout, emotional exhaustion, job stress and health problems than employees on a fixed day shift. Results from two‐way ANOVA indicated that employees involved with weekend work and non‐fixed day shifts reported significantly higher emotional exhaustion and health problems than other employees. Implications of the findings are discussed for future researchers in light of employee well‐being and non‐standard work schedules. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.