Dharam Buddhi

The accelerating pace of resource depletion, environmental degradation, and climate change has underscored the urgent need for a fundamental shift in how we design, produce, consume, and manage waste. In this context, the Circular Economy (CE) has emerged as a transformative approach—one that moves beyond the limitations of the traditional linear model and envisions a regenerative economic system where materials are kept in use, waste is minimized, and natural systems are restored. This book, Circular Economy and Sustainability has been conceived as a comprehensive and structured resource for students, researchers, practitioners, policymakers, and industry leaders. It provides both theoretical foundations and practical frameworks to understand, measure, and implement circular economy principles across different sectors and scales. The chapters unfold progressively—from the evolution of circular economy thought to advanced tools like life cycle assessment, material flow analysis, and system thinking—culminating in protocols for reporting circularity and real-world case studies. Special attention has been given to aligning circular economy strategies with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), international reporting standards, and India's national priorities. We have also included a deep dive into India's journey toward circularity, highlighting key policies, institutional frameworks, and emerging trends. The final chapters contextualize this vision within the state of Uttarakhand, offering a regional perspective on how circular models are being localized and implemented in diverse ecological and socio-economic settings. All data, case studies, and examples included in this book are either drawn from real-world practices or developed illustratively to guide the reader in applying circular economy concepts in practice. This book also introduces a structured Circular Economy Reporting Protocol, serving as a replicable guide for documenting circular practices within any industry. We hope this work contributes meaningfully to the growing body of knowledge on circular economy and inspires actionable insights that support a more sustainable, resilient, and inclusive future. We invite our readers to critically engage with the ideas presented here and to become active participants in shaping a circular transition.

The inspiration for this book “Industry 5.0: Bridging Humanity and Technology for a Sustainable Future” came from the Hon’ble Governor of Uttarakhand Lt Gen Gurmit Singh, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, VSM (Retd). He is committed to promote research, innovation, and knowledge exchange that can further contribute to the development of the state and nation. His “One University One Research” initiative is an innovative step for enabling Universities to conduct important research that not only enhances academics but also directly benefits society. Under the program, Uttaranchal University took this opportunity to move forward with “Industry 4.0 and Sustainable Development”. During various meetings, Hon’ble Governor encouraged us to take the outcomes to the next level by sharing the facts with community of academics, policy makers, economists, political leaders, technocrats etc and make them aware about futuristic technological advancements. With this motivation the authors decided to write a book on Industry 5.0, to promote economic expansion, improve technological advancements and solve ethical issues. We are certain that initiatives will help to build a more promising and sustainable future for our country. The world stands at the precipice of a new industrial revolution. We are entering Industry 5.0, a new era that builds on the foundations established by its predecessors but places a greater emphasis on the integration of human intelligence, sustainability, and collaboration. Examining how innovative technologies like the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Extended Reality (XR), and Quantum Computing are revolutionising industries globally, "The Evolution Continues" dives into this shift. This book offers a vision for the future, one in which Industry changes to become more responsive, networked, and environmentally sensitive. The synergy between human knowledge and machine capabilities is at the core of Industry 5.0, promoting a degree of cooperation that guarantees improved results, increased production, and the development of environmentally friendly, sustainable solutions. This book also discusses some of the most important issues and prospects that may arise in the future, such as cybersecurity, cobots' role in human-machine collaboration, and the critical role that edge computing and 5G will play in guaranteeing instantaneous connectivity throughout industrial ecosystems. It integrates the technological, strategic, and human aspects of this revolution as it examines areas with an eye towards the future. It is an exhortation to innovators, educators, technologists, and leaders in the industry to seize the opportunities. Industry 5.0 will be influencing the future with cybersecurity and the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), digital twins, metaverse, quantum computing, and sustainable manufacturing, each chapter explores a crucial facet of this shift. Industry 5.0's effects extend beyond the manufacturing floor. It permeates supply chains, education, defence, and even human augmentation, promoting an industrial environment that is human-centric, where employees are empowered, decision-making is improved, and sustainability is taken on the top priority. This book seeks to promote inventions and provide tactical frameworks for integrating technology and humans in a way that benefits organisations, communities, and the environment. Let's welcome technology as we enter this new industrial era, not as a disruptive force but as a means of empowerment, sustainability, and collective advancement.

The Journal retracts the article, “Dynamics of MHD Convection of Walters B Viscoelastic Fluid through an Accelerating Permeable Surface Using the Soret–Dufour Mechanism”

This article introduces a novel approach for the active‐mode indirect drying of food grains using an independent high‐temperature thermal energy storage (TES) system. It uses commercial software to conduct numerical analysis of a solar drying unit fused with indirect TES. Employing commercial grade phase change material X‐180, solar drying unit incorporates scheffler dishes, receiver, TES, thermic fluid pump, air blower, and dryer fitted with a radiator. Heat transfer fluid Thermenol‐66 has been used to facilitate the heat transfer from receiver to TES and dryer. Two distinct TES designs, one without fins (case A) and the other with fins (case B), have been used to encapsulate phase change material and facilitate the flow of heat transfer fluid. The dynamic performance of independent solar drying unit components was examined at various mass flow rates during charging and discharging process. The results demonstrate that adding 42 fins, i.e. (case B), reduces the charging and discharging time to 22% and 24%, respectively. Due to high charging and discharging power, the rate of temperature change in case B is 19% higher compared to case A. To maintain drying quality, the dryer should have a continual flow of hot air at a constant temperature. Therefore, utilization of the TES, case A, provides a significantly higher uniformity index and a more extended drying period during the discharge process.

This paper examines the use of Phase Change Materials (PCM) in Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) systems. To assess the performance of BIPV–PCM systems, the study employs a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis. The study features the advantages of using PCMs with BIPV envelopes. The benefits include lower heating and cooling requirements, shifted peak loads and increased thermal comfort. However, there are several challenges like heat loss and lower energy efficiency which needs to be addressed. Further, the potential for reduced PCM efficiency over time is recognized. The paper concludes by recommending further research on alternative PCM placement strategies, enhanced PCM formulations, gypsum board integration and the evaluation of PCMs combined with nanoparticles.

The passive cooling strategies in the buildings play a significant role to maintain thermal comfort. The growth of urbanization increased due to the population

Cancer is one of the vital diseases which lead to the uncontrollable growth of the cell, and it affects the body tissue. A type of cancer that affects the children below five years and adults in a rare case is called retinoblastoma. It affects the retina in the eye and the surrounding region of eye like the eyelid, and sometimes, it leads to vision loss if it is not diagnosed at the early stage. MRI and CT are widely used scanning procedures to identify the cancerous region in the eye. Current screening methods for cancer region identification needs the clinicians’ support to spot the affected regions. Modern healthcare systems develop an easy way to diagnose the disease. Discriminative architectures in deep learning can be viewed as supervised deep learning algorithms which use classification/regression techniques to predict the output. A convolutional neural network (CNN) is a part of the discriminative architecture which helps to process both image and text data. This work suggests the CNN‐based classifier which classifies the tumor and nontumor regions in retinoblastoma. The tumor‐like region (TLR) in retinoblastoma is identified using the automated thresholding method. After that, ResNet and AlexNet algorithms are used to classify the cancerous region along with classifiers. In addition, the comparison of discriminative algorithm along with its variants is experimented to produce the better image analysis method without the intervention of clinicians. The experimental study reveals that ResNet50 and AlexNet yield better results compared to other learning modules.

Complex structures can now be manufactured easily utilizing AM technologies to meet the pre-requisite objectives such as reduced part numbers, greater functionality, and lightweight, among others. Polymers, metals, and ceramics are the few materials that can be used in AM technology, but metallic materials (Magnesium and Aluminum) are attracting more attention from the research and industrial point of view. Understanding the role processing parameters of laser-based additive manufacturing is critical to maximize the usage of material in forming the product geometry. LPBF (Laser powder-based fusion) method is regarded as a potent and effective additive manufacturing technique for creating intricate 3D forms/parts with high levels of precision and reproducibility together with acceptable metallurgical characteristics. While dealing with LBPF, some degree of porosity is acceptable because it is unavoidable; hot ripping and cracking must be avoided, though. The necessary manufacturing of pre-alloyed powder and ductility remains to be the primary concern while dealing with a laser-based additive manufacturing approach. The presence of the Al-Si eutectic phase in AlSi10Mg and AlSi12 alloy attributing to excellent castability and low shrinkage, attaining the most attention in the laser-based approach. Related studies with these alloys along with precipitation hardening and heat treatment processing were discussed. The Pure Mg, Mg-Al alloy, Mg-RE alloy, and Mg-Zn alloy along with the mechanical characteristics, electrochemical durability, and biocompatibility of Mg-based material have been elaborated in the work-study. The review article also summarizes the processing parameters of the additive manufacturing powder-based approach relating to different Mg-based alloys. For future aspects, the optimization of processing parameters, composition of the alloy, and quality of powder material used will significantly improve the ductility of additively manufactured Mg alloy by the LPBF approach. Other than that, the recycling of Mg-alloy powder hasn’t been investigated yet. Meanwhile, the post-processing approach, including a homogeneous coating on the porous scaffolds, will mark the suitability in terms of future advancements in Mg and Al-based alloys.

In this study, the hardness and surface roughness of selective laser-melted parts have been evaluated by considering a wide variety of input parameters. The Invar-36 has been considered a workpiece material that is mainly used in the aerospace industry for making parts as well as widely used in bimetallic thermostats. It is the mechanical properties and metallurgical properties of parts that drive the final product’s quality in today’s competitive marketplace. The study aims to examine how laser power, scanning speed, and orientation influence fabricated specimens. Using ANOVA, the established models were tested and the parameters were evaluated for their significance in predicting response. In the next step, the fuzzy-based JAYA algorithm has been implemented to determine which parameter is optimal in the proposed study. In addition, the optimal parametric combination obtained by the JAYA algorithm was compared with the optimal parametric combination obtained by TLBO and genetic algorithm (GA) to establish the effectiveness of the JAYA algorithm. Based on the results, an orientation of 90°, 136 KW of laser power, and 650 mm/s scanning speed were found to be the best combination of process parameters for generating the desired hardness and roughness for the Invar-36 material.

The large size of a glazed component allows greater access to natural light inside and a wider view of the outdoors while protecting the inside from extreme weather conditions. However, glazed components make buildings energy inefficient compared to opaque components if not designed suitably, and sometimes they create glare discomforts too. In order to protect against excessive natural light and direct sunlight and for privacy, dynamic shading devices are integrated into the glazed façade. In this study, the impact of various glazing and shading design parameters has been investigated by performing uncertainty and sensitivity analyses. The uncertainty analysis indicates that the variance coefficients for the source energy use, lighting energy use, useful daylight illuminance (UDI), and shade-deployed time fraction are in the ranges of 15.04–30.47, 39.05–45.06, 40.57–49.92, and 19.35–52%, respectively. The dispersion in the energy and indoor visual performance is evident by the large variation in the source energy consumption and UDI (500–2000), which vary in the ranges of 250–450 kWh/(m²-year) and 5–90%. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis identified the window-to-wall ratio (WWR), aspect ratio (ASR), glazing type (Gt), absorptance of the wall (Aw), and shade transmittance (ST) as major influences of the parameters. Each of the identified parameters has a different proportionate impact depending on the façade orientation and performance parameters.