Songül Gürsoy

Precision agriculture (PA) is a modern farming management system adopted throughout the world, which employs cropping practices by observing and measuring the temporal and spatial variability in fields to enhance the sustainability of agricultural production through more efficient use of land, water, fuel, fertilizer, and pesticides. The efficiency of precision agriculture technologies (PAT) in agricultural production mainly depends on the use of site-specific agricultural inputs accurately through decision support mechanisms by observing and measuring the variables such as soil condition, plant health, and weed intensity. Although there have been significant developments in PAT, especially remote sensing as a key source of information available in support of PA in recent years, its adoption has been very slow by farmers due to a variety of reasons. The main aim of this chapter is to provide a critical overview of how recent developments in sensing technologies, geostatistical analysis, data fusion, and interpolation techniques can be used in the cotton production systems to optimize yields while minimizing water, chemical pesticide, and nitrogen inputs and analysis the main factors influencing the adoption of PAT by cotton farmers. Therefore, this chapter includes a compressive literature survey of the studies done on the current use and trends of PAT, and on farm level use of PA in cotton production worldwide.

This study aimed to determine the changes in soil properties due to land rolling after sowing and analysis the effects of these changes in soil properties on the plant growth in barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) production. For this purpose, a field experiment was conducted by using three weights of the land roller (196.37, 337.67, 478.97 kg/m) and untreated control treatment after sowing barley. The results showed that land rolling significantly changed the soil properties such as bulk density, moisture content, and penetration resistance. These changes in soil conditions significantly affected the plant growth parameters in barley production. The increased bulk density at the 0 ‒ 100 mm depth of the soil due to land rolling increased the seed emergence, the plant growth parameters and the yield of barley. However, it was observed that the grain yield per ear started decreasing at the higher penetration resistance than 345, 486, and 630 kPa for 50 mm, 75 mm and 100 mm, respectively. Consequently, it can be said that the use of a land roller after sowing in barley production can increase the yield by improving the plant growth parameters and soil physical properties under the soil and climate conditions like the experimental field.

In modern agriculture, most of the field operations from sowing to harvesting are done mechanically by using heavy agriculture machines. However, the loads from these heavy machines may induce stresses exceeding soil strength causing soil compaction. Nowadays, soil compaction is considered as a serious form of soil degradation, which may have serious economics and environmental consequences in world agriculture because of its effects on soil structure, plant growth and environmental events. Vehicle load, inflation pressure, number of passes, stress on the soil, and soil properties (e.g. soil water content, soil texture, soil strength, soil bulk density) play an important role on soil compaction. This chapter reviews the works related to soil compaction in agricultural areas. Also, it discusses the nature and causes of soil compaction, the effects of the compaction on soil properties, environment and plant growth, and the possible solutions suggested in the literature.

En tr The stubble that remains on the field after the harvest is burned generally by the farmers in Southeastern Anatolia Region. This study was carried out in order to reduce the problems caused by stubble burning in our country and our region to recommend a wheat harvesting method for farmers. The study that was carried out in 2012 contained two different stubble height and five different stubble management systems. Fuel consumption, field efficiency and the amount of stubble on the field surface were examined in the study. After these applied methods, lentil was directly planted on the harvested areas with a mechanic planter. The effects of the stubble management systems on the rate of seed emergence of lentil were investigated. As a result, the highest fuel consumption was obtained from the system which is making straw by chopper mounted on combine-harvester and removing the straw from the field by trailer attached to the combine-harvester as 29.41 L ha^-1 while the highest field efficiency and amount of stubble on the field surface were determined at the system which is harvesting wheat by combine-harvester and leaving the stubble on the field as 1.85 ha h^-1 and 3716.43 kg ha^-1 respectively. Also the highest rates of seed emergence were obtained from the system which is making straw by chopper mounted on combine-harvester and removing the straw from the field by trailer attached to the combine-harvester as 213.77 number m^-2 and from the system making straw by chopper mounted on combine-harvester and spreading the straw to field surface as 203.99 number m^-2. Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesinde buğday hasadından sonra tarlada kalan anız çiftçiler tarafından genellikle yakılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada ülkemizde ve bölgemizde anız yakmanın neden olduğu problemlerin azaltılması ve üreticilere uygun bir buğday hasat yönteminin tavsiye edilebilmesi amaçlanmıştır. 2012 yılında yürütülen bu çalışma iki farklı anız biçme yüksekliği ve beş farklı anız yönetim sisteminde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada yöntemlerin yakıt tüketimi, iş başarısı, tarla yüzeyinde kalan anız miktarı incelenmiştir. Ayrıca uygulanan bu yöntemlerden sonra hasat edilen alanlara mibzerle doğrudan anıza mercimek ekimi yapılmıştır. Yöntemlerin mercimek bitkisinin tarla filiz çıkışına (TFÇ) olan etkisi incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak biçerdövere monte edilmiş sap parçalayıcı ile saman yapılarak samanın biçerdöver tarafından çekilen tarım arabası ile tarladan uzaklaştırıldığı uygulamada yakıt tüketimi en yüksek (29.41 L ha^-1), buğdayın biçerdöverle hasat edilip anızın tarlada bırakıldığı uygulamada iş başarısı (1.85 ha h^-1) ve tarladaki anız miktarı (3716.43 kg ha^-1) en yüksek bulunmuştur. En yüksek tarla filiz çıkışı oranı da biçerdövere monte edilmiş sap parçalayıcı ile saman yapılarak samanın biçerdöver tarafından çekilen tarım arabası ile tarladan uzaklaştırıldığı uygulama (213.77 adet m^-2) ile biçerdövere monte edilmiş sap parçalayıcı ile saman yapılarak samanın tarla yüzeyine dağıtıldığı (203.99 adet m^-2) uygulamalarda elde edilmiştir.

Pamuk tarımı, Türkiye’nin Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesinde çok önemlidir. Yabancı otlar, pamuk tarımında karşılaşılan en önemli sorunlardan birisidir. Bu çalışmada, bölgedeki yabancı otlarla mücadele yöntemleri, uygulanan bitki yetiştirme teknikleri, en önemli yabancı ot türleri ve karşılaşılan sorunları değerlendirmek amacıyla Diyarbakır ilinde bir anket çalışması yürütülmüştür. Ayrıca, tarımsal yayım uygulamalarının yabancı ot kontrolüne etkisi de araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, 75 pamuk üreticisine anket uygulanmıştır. Ankette pamuk üreticilerine uyguladıkları ekim nöbeti, toprak işleme, sulama ve yabancı ot kontrol yöntemlerini içeren 15 soru sorulmuştur. Ayrıca, pamuk tarlalarında en fazla karşılaştıkları yabancı otlar da belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda pamuk taralalarında en yaygın görülen yabancı otların Xanthium strumarium L. (domuz pıtrağı), Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (kanyaş), Amaranthus retroflexus L. (horozibiği), Cynodon dactylon (köpekdişi ayrığı), Physalis spp. [Physalis philadelphica Lam. (fener otu) and Physalis angulata L. (fener otu), Solanum nigrum L. (kopek üzümü), Portulaca oleracea L. (semiz otu) ve Cyperus rotundus L. (topalak) olduğu saptanmıştır. Üreticilerin coğunun çıkış öncesi ve sonrası yabancı ot ilaçlarını, ekim öncesi ve bitki gelişimi döneminde kullandıkları görülmüştür. Ankete katılanların % 63.4’ü pamuğun ön bitkisinin pamuk, %18.3’ü buğday ve %16.9’ü ise mısır olduğunu ifade etmişlerdir. Bölgede yaygın olarak sonbaharda kulaklı pulluk, ekimden önce kültüvatör ve tapan uygulamalarını içeren geleneksel toprak işleme yönteminin kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Üreticilerin %70’inden daha fazlası yabancı ot kontrolünde toprak işleme sisteminin önemli oranda etkili olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda, bölge koşullarına uygun bitki yetiştirme ve yabancı ot kontrol yöntemlerinin araştırılmasının ve seçilmesinin çok önemli olduğu görülmüştür.

Soil properties are very important for plant growth and soil conservation. Although soil properties can be influenced by agricultural production systems, this influence has seldom been studied in the semi-arid South East Anatolia region of Turkey. Thus, a three-year experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of tillage and residue management systems in wheat (Triticum durum L.) agriculture following cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) on soil properties. A strip plot design with three replications was used, in which two residue management treatments were collecting cotton stalk (SA) and chopping cotton stalk (SB), and six tillage treatments were conventional tillage-I (CT-I), conventional tillage-II (CT-II), vertical tillage (VT), reduced tillage-I (RT-I), reduced tillage-II (RT-II), no-till ridge planting (RP). While there was no difference at 10–20 and 20–30 cm, the penetration resistance was the lowest for CT-I (1.62 MPa) at 0–10 cm. Although tillage treatments had no significant effect on the soil bulk density at 0–10 and 20–30 cm, the lowest bulk density were obtained in RT-II (1.19 g cm⁻³) at 10–20 cm. Tillage and residue management treatments did not influence the soil organic matter content and pH.