Jean-Michel de Bray

Background: The prevalence of fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) in patients with cervical artery dissection (CAD) is unknown. Our objectives were to assess the risk of CAD recurring as a stroke or a transient ischemic attack and the association of these events with FMD. Methods: We prospectively included and followed 103 consecutive patients who had been admitted for a CAD. The median follow-up was 4 years (range 4 months to 10 years). The main criteria for inclusion were a mural hematoma demonstrated by cervical magnetic resonance imaging and/or signs suggesting CAD on 2 other investigations. FMD was diagnosed on the so-called string of beads pattern by digital subtraction angiography. Results: Five patients had CAD recurrence (60% occurred late). Four of these 5 patients had FMD. In 4 patients, CAD recurrence involved another cervical artery. Conclusion: The rate of symptomatic CAD recurrence was 1% per year and was often related to FMD.

Review from JAMA Neurology — History of Spontaneous Dissection of the Cervical Carotid Artery

We report a case of cerebral deep venous thrombosis that manifested clinically by a pseudobulbar syndrome with major trismus, abnormal movements and static cerebellar syndrome. To our knowledge, only three other cases of deep cerebral venous thrombosis associated with cerebellar or pseudobulbar syndrome have been published since 1985. The relatively good prognosis in our patient could be explained by the partially intact internal cerebral veins as well as use of early anticoagulant therapy. There was a spontaneous hyperdensity of the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli on the brain CT scan, an aspect highly contributive to diagnosis. This hyperdensity of the falx cerebri was found in 19 out of 22 cases of deep venous thrombosis detailed in the literature.

Three cases of extracranial vertebral artery dissections with upper limb peripheral motor deficit (C5-C6) are reported. Six similar cases were also found in the literature. Central neurological symptoms occurred in five of these nine cases, suggesting the diagnosis of dissection. The peripheral motor or sensorial deficit was strictly isolated in the four other cases, simulating radicular neuralgia due to discopathy or foraminal compression. In case of dissections, a precise analysis of pain is helpful to guide diagnosis; sharp, unbearable, continuous and extended neck pain without nocturnal paroxysms and posterior neck stiffness is typical. Analgesics or anti-inflammatory drugs are ineffective. Peripheral motor deficit is more common than sensory deficit. Recovery was complete in this series. In most cases, the radiculopathy appears to be due to cervical root compression in its extraforaminal course due to the dissection hematoma and rarely to radicular ischemia.

The purpose of this study was to assess the value of duplex scanning and continuous wave Doppler velocimetry in the diagnosis and follow-up of ICA dissections. Between 1975 and 1988, 20 patients (11 women and 9 men; mean age 45 years) were admitted to the University Hospital of Angers for dissection of the ICA confirmed by angiography. The dissections were unrelated to direct cervical injury and were unilateral in 18 cases and bilateral in 2 cases. Six patients experienced transient cerebral ischaemic accidents (later completed in 2 cases) and 2 patients merely complained of ocular disorders of sympathetic origin. Fourteen patients were treated with heparin. All patients were examined by continuous wave Doppler ultrasound followed by duplex scanning. These examinations were performed 10 days on average before angiography. Continuous wave Doppler revealed signs of obstruction of the ICA in 95% of the cases: occlusion in 4 cases, tight stenosis in 13 cases and marked slowing of blood flow in the carotid and ophthalmic arteries in 4 cases. The acoustic signs of high or extensive ICA stenosis with reduced or retrograde ophthalmic artery blood flow were fairly suggestive of dissection. These results were completed by mode B which showed signs of dissection in 61% of the cases (tapering stenosis or occlusion, tubular ICA, separation of the vascular walls on rare occasions) and excluded atheromatous lesions in 81% of the patients. The tubular ICA image being non-specific was interpreted in relation to the clinical context and haemodynamic data, after discussion and exclusion of fibromuscular dysplasia, intracranial carotid stenosis causing severe reduction of blood flow and the exceptional hypoplasia of the ICA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)