Satoshi Chiba

Several quantities that can be observed in surrogate ratio methods (SRM) are investigated for nuclei of uranium region to see if they can be used to infer the spin-and-parity distributions that are crucially important to the validity of SRM. The evaporation neutron spectra and cascading $\gamma${}-ray spectra are calculated by the Hauser-Feshbach theory, while fission fragment mass distributions are calculated by the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. It was found that the energy spectrum of cascading $\gamma${} rays and those of evaporated neutrons become softer as the spin of the decaying nuclei increases. The multiplicity of emitted $\gamma${} rays increases drastically as the spin increases. Both these effects are brought about by the fact that transition from high-spin states to low-lying levels are hindered. The mass distribution of fission fragments also shows a clear spin dependence, namely, the mass-symmetric fission is enhanced when the spin of the decaying system is large. This can be interpreted as an enhancement of mass division controlled by the liquid-drop energy relative to the shell correction part. The present results indicate that there are possibilities to use these observables to infer populated spin distributions in the surrogate reactions.

Observables emitted from various spin states in compound U nuclei are investigated to validate usefulness of the surrogate reaction method. It was found that energy spectrum of cascading $\gamma$-rays and their multiplicities, spectrum of evaporated neutrons, and mass-distribution of fission fragments show clear dependence on the spin of decaying nuclei. The present results indicate that they can be used to infer populated spin distributions which significantly affect the decay branching ratio of the compound system produced by the surrogate reactions.

Effects of difference in the spin and parity distributions for the surrogate and neutron-induced reactions are investigated. Without assuming specific (schematic) spin-parity distributions, it was found that the surrogate ratio method can be employed to determine neutron fission and capture cross sections if~(1) weak Weisskopf-Ewing condition (defined in this paper) is satisfied,~(2) there exist two surrogate reactions whose spin-parity distributions of the decaying nuclei are almost equivalent, and~(3) difference of the representative spin values between the neutron-induced and surrogate reactions is no much larger than 10$\hbar${}. If these conditions are satisfied, we need not know the spin-parity distributions populated by the surrogate method. Instead, we should just select a pair of surrogate reactions which will populate the similar spin-parity distributions, using targets having similar structure and reactions having the similar reaction mechanisms. Achievable accuracy is estimated to be around 5% and 10% for fission and capture channels, respectively, for nuclei of the Uranium region. The surrogate absolute method may be applicable to determination of fission cross sections with a caution. However, there will be little hope to apply this method for capture cross section measurements unless the spin-parity distributions in the neutron-induced and surrogate reactions are fairly close to each other (which is implausible) or the difference can be corrected theoretically. The surrogate ratio method was shown also to be a robust method in the presence of breakup reactions without assuming specific breakup reaction mechanisms.

Proceedings of ND 2007, International Conference on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology,

Nonuniform structures of mixed phases at the first-order phase transition to charged kaon condensation are studied using a density functional theory within the relativistic mean-field model. Including electric field effects and applying the Gibbs conditions in a proper way, we numerically determine density profiles of nucleons, electrons, and condensed kaons. Importance of charge screening effects is elucidated and thereby we show that the Maxwell construction is effectively justified. Surface effect is also studied to figure out its effect on the density profiles.

We study the charge screening effect in the hadron-quark mixed phase. By including the charge screening effect, rearrangement of charged particles occurs and some part becomes locally charge-neutral. As a result the equation of state for the mixed phase becomes close to that given by the Maxwell construction, which means that the Maxwell construction would effectively gain the physical meaning again even in the system with two or more chemical potentials. We also discuss the interplay of the surface tension and the Coulomb interaction. Both effects would restrict the region of the mixed phase in the core of hybrid stars.

Non-uniform structures of mixed phases at the first-order phase transition to charged kaon condensation are studied using a density functional theory within the relativistic mean field model. Including electric field effects and applying the Gibbs conditions in a proper way, we numerically determine density profiles of nucleons, electrons and condensed kaons. Importance of charge screening effects is elucidated and thereby we show that the Maxwell construction is effectively justified. Surface effect is also studied to figure out its effect on the density profiles.