Jamie C. Gorman

Typically, complex systems are operated by teams because of the diverse nature of the tasks and the need for specialized backgrounds. Test beds called “scaled worlds” or “microworlds” have been developed that simulate the team task and facilitate research on teams. The use of microworlds to simulate aspects of real work in a laboratory setting is increasingly bridging the gap between the uncontrolled field study and the artificial control of the traditional psychological laboratory. The capabilities to script scenarios, manipulate variables, and collect data through embedded measurement are all typical features of microworlds. In this chapter we highlight considerations for selecting or designing a microworld and collecting data within it. We also provide some examples of microworlds and point to other applications of this technology for training exercises and technology evaluation.

Decentralized command and control settings like those found in the military are rife with complexity and change. These settings typically involve dozens, if not hundreds to thousands, of heterogeneous players coordinating in a distributed fashion in a dynamically networked battlefield laden with sensor data, intelligence reports, communications, and plans emanating from many different perspectives. Consider the concept of team situation awareness in this setting. What does it mean for a team to be aware of a situation or, more importantly, of a critical change in a situation? Is it sufficient or necessary for all individuals on the team to be independently aware? Or is there some more holistic awareness that emerges as team members interact? We re-examine the concept of team situation awareness in decentralized systems beyond an individual-oriented knowledge-based construct by considering it as a team interaction-based phenomenon. A theoretical framework for a process-based measure called ‘coordinated awareness of situations by teams’ is outlined.