Eulogio H. Soto

Cold seeps are dynamic seafloor environments that provide conduits for methane (CH ₄ ) to be transferred from marine sediments to the global ocean and, in shallow settings, the atmosphere. These seeps are ubiquitous along continental margins yet their spatial extent and impact on the marine carbon cycle are poorly constrained. During a research expedition to the underexplored Chilean Margin, we utilized an ROV‐mounted in situ CH ₄ sensor and multibeam sonar to map seep fields. We confirmed seepage at depths between 100 and 2,750 m at El Quisco Seep Site, Concepción Methane Seep Area, and Mocha Island Seep Area. Combining ship‐based and ROV‐based acoustic gas flare detection with real‐time dissolved CH ₄ measurements three different manifestations of CH ₄ seepage were identified, which enabled estimations of both sediment‐seawater gaseous CH ₄ flux (69.2 ± 11.2 t/yr) and near‐seafloor dissolved CH ₄ storage (1.9 ± 1.3 t) along the central Chilean Margin.

The Eastern South Pacific coastal zone is characterized by seasonal and interannual variability, driven by upwelling and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), respectively. These oceanographical conditions influence microbial communities and their contribution to nutrient and greenhouse gases recycling, especially in bottom waters due to oxygenation. This article addresses the seasonal hydrographic and biogeochemical conditions in the water and sediments during El Niño 2015. Bottom water active microbial communities, including nitrifiers, were studied using amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA (cDNA) and RT-qPCR, respectively. The results of the hydrographic analysis showed changes in the water column associated with the predominance of sub-Antarctic Waters characterized by warmed and low nutrients in the surface and more oxygenated conditions at the bottom in comparison with El Niño 2014. The organic matter quantity and quality decreased during fall and winter. The bottom water active microbial assemblages were dominated by archaea (Ca. Poseidoniales) and putative ammonia oxidizing archaea. Active bacteria affiliated to SAR11, Marinimicrobia and Nitrospina, and oxygen deficient realms (Desulfobacterales, SUP05 clade and anammox) suffered variations, possibly associated with oxygen and redox conditions in the benthic boundary layer. Nitrifying functional groups contributed significantly more during late fall and winter which was consistent with higher bottom water oxygenation. Relationships between apparent oxygen utilization nitrate and nitrous oxide in the water support the contribution of nitrification to this greenhouse gas distribution in the water. In general, our study suggests that seasonal oceanographic variability during an El Niño year influences the microbial community and thus remineralization potential, which supports the need to carry out longer time series to identify the relevance of seasonality under ENSO in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS) areas.

Three new species of the genus Syllis Savigny in Lamarck, 1818, from the Chilean Patagonia are described, figured and discussed. The specimens were collected in boulders, sediment bottoms, Hacrocystis pyrifera holdfasts, and inside tubes of Chaetopterus cf. variopedatus. Syllis patagonica n. sp., is characterized by its color pattern, short, fusiform dorsal cirri, plenty of hyaline inclusions, acuminate posterior acicula, and compound chaetae with slightly bidentate falcigers. Syllis terraeignium n. sp., has similar compound chaetae, but dorsal cirri are longer than those of the above mentioned species, a long proventricle, and the posterior acicula are straight, pointed. Finally, Syllis patersoni n. sp., has a slender, elongated body, with moderately long dorsal cirri, plenty of hyaline inclusions, acuminate posterior acicula, and compound chaetae composed by falcigers and short spiniger-like.

The Syllidae subfamilies Eusyllinae, Anoplosyllinae and Autolytinae, as well as the incertae sedis genera (Aguado et al., 2012), were studied from samples collected in shallow water from fjords and channels in Chilean Patagonia. One new species Paraehlersia kawesqar sp. nov. is described. The genus Nudisyllis Knox & Cameron, 1970 is recorded for the first time for Chile, while the species Brachysyllis infuscata (Ehlers, 1901a) and Syllides japonica Imajima, 1966 are recorded for the first time for continental Chile. Finally, Syllides articulosa Ehlers, 1897 and Epigamia sp. are also reported. The majority of the species were found inside tubes of the polychaete worm Chaetopterus cf. variopedatus (Renier, 1804) – a new habitat for syllid polychaetes. This work is an important contribution to the knowledge of syllids in Chile and to the polychaete fauna of the Patagonian region generally.

Durante el Crucero 16 CIMAR Fiordos realizado entre el Estrecho de Magallanes y el Canal Beagle (53º11,16'S; 73º24,06'W-55º09'03,92''S, 68º08'27,9''W) se realizó un muestreo intermareal y submareal de 14 estaciones. Estas muestras se obtuvieron manualmente y por buceo apnea, en transectas perpendiculares a la línea de la costa, con orientación sur-este y en ellas se aplicó la metodología establecida en el Crucero CIMAR 15 para la caracterización de los biotopos costeros. Se determinaron 10 biotopos marinos que corresponden a tres grandes grupos: 1) biotopos con fuerte influencia de agua dulce de deshielos y lluvias, con playas extensas sin pendientes rocosas; son de diversidad baja, con presencia notoria de Porphyra spp. en sectores rocosos planos y con salinidades que varían entre 1 y 20‰; 2) biotopos rocosos con mayor pendiente, comparativamente con mayor influencia de mareas y presencia de algas rodófi tas, feófitas y clorófi tas asociadas a bivalvos, gasterópodos, cirripedios y otros invertebrados, y con salinidad de 24 a 28‰; y 3) submareales someros, desde 1 hasta 16,4 m de profundidad, caracterizados principalmente por la presencia de feóficeas, Macrocystis pyrifera principalmente, asociadas con moluscos, crustáceos, poliquetos y equinodermos, y con salinidades entre 32 y 35‰. Se observaron coincidencias con los biotopos descritos para el sector del Parque Nacional Laguna San Rafael, estero Elefantes, archipiélago de los Chonos, y tres biotopos mencionados para los canales Trinidad y Smyth, al norte del Estrecho de Magallanes.