Sanatan Digal
Current Organizations / Institutes
The organizations/institutes from the scholar's latest article
Previous Organizations / Institutes
The organizations / institutes from the scholar's other articles in the past ten years
Research Subjects
Sanatan Digal has a total of 24 co-authors. Here are the top co-authors by number of shared publications:
- Vinod Mamale
The Institute of Mathematical Sciences
9 shared publications - Shreyansh S. Dave
Department of Nuclear and Atomic Physics Tata Institute of Fundamental Research 400005 Mumbai India
6 shared publications - Mridupawan Deka
Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
5 shared publications - P. S. Saumia
Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna, Russia
5 shared publications - Sabiar Shaikh
The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai 600113, India
5 shared publications - T. R. Govindarajan
The Institute of Mathematical Sciences
5 shared publications
Latest Publications
- 22 September 2026
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review C
- Vol. 114 (3) , 034915
Secondary hadron-nucleus collisions of short-lived hadrons in ultrarelativistic fixed-target heavy-ion interactions
Ultrarelativistic heavy nuclei traversing a solid target undergo successive nuclear encounters separated by atomic lattice spacings. At sufficiently high beam energies, Lorentz contraction reduces the proper time between collisions to $\mathcal{O}({10}^{4})\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fm}/c$ in the center-of-mass frame of the first interaction. We then consider the fragmentation region of this first collision and show that short-lived hadrons produced in this region, with additional Lorentz boost, can reach the next nucleus before decaying. We show that this geometry enables secondary hadron--nucleus collisions involving species that cannot be realized as conventional secondary beams or in subsequent hadron--nucleus interactions in cosmic-ray cascades. For a 2.76-TeV-per-nucleon Pb beam incident on a solid Pb lattice, we determine which forward-produced hadrons can survive to a second interaction, estimate their collision probabilities, and analyze potential observable consequences. In particular, we identify some representative hadrons whose proper lifetimes are of order ${10}^{3}$ fm/c, e.g., specific mesons (${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) and heavy-flavor resonances ($J/\ensuremath{\psi},{D}^{*}(2010)$), as projectile species that become accessible through this collision space-time geometry. At substantially higher beam energies (for example, with 10-TeV-per-nucleon Pb beam), the survival probabilities are significantly enhanced. This can make even very short-lived hadrons with lifetimes of a few tens of fm [$\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}$(1530), $\ensuremath{\omega}$(782), $\ensuremath{\phi}$(1020)] available for this secondary hadron--nucleus collision, providing an additional motivation for future ultrarelativistic fixed-target heavy-ion experiments.- 22 September 2026
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review C
- Vol. 114 (3) , 034915
Secondary hadron-nucleus collisions of short-lived hadrons in ultrarelativistic fixed-target heavy-ion interactions
Ultrarelativistic heavy nuclei traversing a solid target undergo successive nuclear encounters separated by atomic lattice spacings. At sufficiently high beam energies, Lorentz contraction reduces the proper time between collisions to $\mathcal{O}({10}^{4})\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fm}/c$ in the center-of-mass frame of the first interaction. We then consider the fragmentation region of this first collision and show that short-lived hadrons produced in this region, with additional Lorentz boost, can reach the next nucleus before decaying. We show that this geometry enables secondary hadron--nucleus collisions involving species that cannot be realized as conventional secondary beams or in subsequent hadron--nucleus interactions in cosmic-ray cascades. For a 2.76-TeV-per-nucleon Pb beam incident on a solid Pb lattice, we determine which forward-produced hadrons can survive to a second interaction, estimate their collision probabilities, and analyze potential observable consequences. In particular, we identify some representative hadrons whose proper lifetimes are of order ${10}^{3}$ fm/c, e.g., specific mesons (${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) and heavy-flavor resonances ($J/\ensuremath{\psi},{D}^{*}(2010)$), as projectile species that become accessible through this collision space-time geometry. At substantially higher beam energies (for example, with 10-TeV-per-nucleon Pb beam), the survival probabilities are significantly enhanced. This can make even very short-lived hadrons with lifetimes of a few tens of fm [$\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}$(1530), $\ensuremath{\omega}$(782), $\ensuremath{\phi}$(1020)] available for this secondary hadron--nucleus collision, providing an additional motivation for future ultrarelativistic fixed-target heavy-ion experiments.- Open Access
- 21 September 2026
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review D
- Vol. 114 (5) , 054507
Dynamics of Z N domain walls in SU( N ) gauge theories
We study collisions of domain walls in SU( N ) gauge theories using the Polyakov-loop effective potential models. We find that string junctions play a crucial role in the dynamics of Z N domain walls. In SU(3) gauge theory, the merger of two nonplanar Z 3 domain walls into a single wall proceeds via the creation of a vortex-antivortex pair in 2 + 1 dimensions. In SU(4) gauge theory, low-energy collisions of Z 4 walls result in the formation of a single domain wall without the creation of vortices. At higher collision energies, two Z 4 domain walls can either bounce back or scatter into another pair of domain walls through the formation of vortices. The creation of vortex-antivortex pairs generalizes to the creation of string loops in 3 + 1 dimensions for both gauge theories. These results demonstrate a direct dynamical role for topological strings in the evolution of center-domain-wall networks and reveal a new aspect of defect dynamics in non-Abelian gauge theories.
- 21 September 2026
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review D
- Vol. 114 (5) , 054507
Open AccessDynamics of Z N domain walls in SU( N ) gauge theories
We study collisions of domain walls in SU( N ) gauge theories using the Polyakov-loop effective potential models. We find that string junctions play a crucial role in the dynamics of Z N domain walls. In SU(3) gauge theory, the merger of two nonplanar Z 3 domain walls into a single wall proceeds via the creation of a vortex-antivortex pair in 2 + 1 dimensions. In SU(4) gauge theory, low-energy collisions of Z 4 walls result in the formation of a single domain wall without the creation of vortices. At higher collision energies, two Z 4 domain walls can either bounce back or scatter into another pair of domain walls through the formation of vortices. The creation of vortex-antivortex pairs generalizes to the creation of string loops in 3 + 1 dimensions for both gauge theories. These results demonstrate a direct dynamical role for topological strings in the evolution of center-domain-wall networks and reveal a new aspect of defect dynamics in non-Abelian gauge theories.
- Open Access
- 29 May 2026
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review D
- Vol. 113 (9)
Topological strings in SU(3) gauge theory at finite temperature
We investigate string configurations in the deconfined phase of SU(3) gauge theory, which arise from the spontaneous breaking of the Z 3 center symmetry. These configurations form at the junctions of domain walls of the theory. The complex phase of the Polyakov loop changes by multiples of 2 π on large spatial loops around the string, rendering them topologically stable. Using the Monte Carlo simulations of the partition function, we compute the free energy associated with these configurations. The simulations are performed on lattices with spatial dimensions N x , y = 60 , N z = 4 , and temporal extent N τ = 2 , 4. Our results show that the free energy of the Z 3 strings is dominated by the domain walls. Further near the transition point, thermal fluctuations cause the decay of domain walls as well as the Z 3 strings into confined-deconfined interfaces.
- 29 May 2026
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review D
- Vol. 113 (9)
Open AccessTopological strings in SU(3) gauge theory at finite temperature
We investigate string configurations in the deconfined phase of SU(3) gauge theory, which arise from the spontaneous breaking of the Z 3 center symmetry. These configurations form at the junctions of domain walls of the theory. The complex phase of the Polyakov loop changes by multiples of 2 π on large spatial loops around the string, rendering them topologically stable. Using the Monte Carlo simulations of the partition function, we compute the free energy associated with these configurations. The simulations are performed on lattices with spatial dimensions N x , y = 60 , N z = 4 , and temporal extent N τ = 2 , 4. Our results show that the free energy of the Z 3 strings is dominated by the domain walls. Further near the transition point, thermal fluctuations cause the decay of domain walls as well as the Z 3 strings into confined-deconfined interfaces.
- Open Access
Doppler shifted Hawking radiation from acoustic black holes in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions
In a hydrodynamic flow, with flow becoming supersonic at some point, the subsonic-supersonic boundary behaves as the horizon of a black hole. Possibility of detecting Hawking radiation from such acoustic black holes has been investigated in a variety of laboratory systems, ranging from cold atom systems, to condensed matter systems with hydrodynamic flow of electrons, to relativistic heavy-ion collisions (at relatively lower collision energies). Ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions, with boost-invariant longitudinal flow of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) in a wide rapidity window has eluded this remarkable possibility because in this case the black hole horizon is dynamical, moving away from center with sound velocity, leading to infinite red shift of Hawking radiation. We show here that such a conclusion is premature. The QGP flow at very large rapidities, necessarily deviates from Bjroken boost invariant flow. Due to this, an observer close to that region sees black hole horizon with a finite redshift. It leads to non-trivial prediction of Hawking radiation affecting particle momentum distributions for a window of rapidities, leaving near central rapidity regions unaffected.
Open AccessDoppler shifted Hawking radiation from acoustic black holes in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions
In a hydrodynamic flow, with flow becoming supersonic at some point, the subsonic-supersonic boundary behaves as the horizon of a black hole. Possibility of detecting Hawking radiation from such acoustic black holes has been investigated in a variety of laboratory systems, ranging from cold atom systems, to condensed matter systems with hydrodynamic flow of electrons, to relativistic heavy-ion collisions (at relatively lower collision energies). Ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions, with boost-invariant longitudinal flow of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) in a wide rapidity window has eluded this remarkable possibility because in this case the black hole horizon is dynamical, moving away from center with sound velocity, leading to infinite red shift of Hawking radiation. We show here that such a conclusion is premature. The QGP flow at very large rapidities, necessarily deviates from Bjroken boost invariant flow. Due to this, an observer close to that region sees black hole horizon with a finite redshift. It leads to non-trivial prediction of Hawking radiation affecting particle momentum distributions for a window of rapidities, leaving near central rapidity regions unaffected.
- Open Access
- 25 April 2024
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review D
- Vol. 109 (7) , 076023
Parametric resonance in Abelian and non-Abelian gauge fields via spacetime oscillations
We study the evolution of Abelian electromagnetic as well as non-Abelian gauge fields, in the presence of spacetime oscillations. Analysis of the time evolution of Abelian gauge fields shows the presence of parametric resonance in spatial modes. A similar analysis in the case of non-Abelian gauge fields, in the linear approximation, shows the presence of the same resonant spatial modes. The resonant modes induce large fluctuations in physical observables including those that break the symmetry. We also carry out time evolution of small random fluctuations of the gauge fields, using numerical simulations in and dimensions. These simulations help to study nonlinear effects in the case of non-Abelian gauge theories. Our results show that there is an increase in energy density with the coupling, at late times. These results suggest that gravitational waves may excite non-Abelian gauge fields more efficiently than electromagnetic fields. Also, gravitational waves in the early Universe and from the merger of neutron stars, black holes, etc., may enhance violation and generate an imbalance in chiral charge distributions, magnetic fields, etc.- 25 April 2024
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review D
- Vol. 109 (7) , 076023
Open AccessParametric resonance in Abelian and non-Abelian gauge fields via spacetime oscillations
We study the evolution of Abelian electromagnetic as well as non-Abelian gauge fields, in the presence of spacetime oscillations. Analysis of the time evolution of Abelian gauge fields shows the presence of parametric resonance in spatial modes. A similar analysis in the case of non-Abelian gauge fields, in the linear approximation, shows the presence of the same resonant spatial modes. The resonant modes induce large fluctuations in physical observables including those that break the symmetry. We also carry out time evolution of small random fluctuations of the gauge fields, using numerical simulations in and dimensions. These simulations help to study nonlinear effects in the case of non-Abelian gauge theories. Our results show that there is an increase in energy density with the coupling, at late times. These results suggest that gravitational waves may excite non-Abelian gauge fields more efficiently than electromagnetic fields. Also, gravitational waves in the early Universe and from the merger of neutron stars, black holes, etc., may enhance violation and generate an imbalance in chiral charge distributions, magnetic fields, etc. - Open Access
Parametric resonance in abelian and non-abelian gauge fields via space-time oscillations
We study the evolution of abelian $U(1)$ electromagnetic as well as non-abelian $SU(2)$ gauge fields, in the presence of space-time oscillations. Analysis of the time evolution of abelian gauge fields shows the presence of parametric resonance in spatial modes. A similar analysis in the case of non-abelian gauge fields, in the linear approximation, shows the presence of the same resonant spatial modes. The resonant modes induce large fluctuations in physical observables including those that break the $CP-$symmetry. We also carry out time evolution of small random fluctuations of the gauge fields, using numerical simulations in $2+1$ and $3+1$ dimensions. These simulations help to study non-linear effects in the case of non-abelian gauge theories. Our results show that there is an increase in energy density with the coupling, at late times. These results suggest that gravitational waves may excite non-abelian gauge fields more efficiently than electromagnetic fields. Also, gravitational waves in the early Universe and from the merger of neutron stars, black holes etc. may enhance $CP-$violation and generate an imbalance in chiral charge distributions, magnetic fields etc.Open AccessParametric resonance in abelian and non-abelian gauge fields via space-time oscillations
We study the evolution of abelian $U(1)$ electromagnetic as well as non-abelian $SU(2)$ gauge fields, in the presence of space-time oscillations. Analysis of the time evolution of abelian gauge fields shows the presence of parametric resonance in spatial modes. A similar analysis in the case of non-abelian gauge fields, in the linear approximation, shows the presence of the same resonant spatial modes. The resonant modes induce large fluctuations in physical observables including those that break the $CP-$symmetry. We also carry out time evolution of small random fluctuations of the gauge fields, using numerical simulations in $2+1$ and $3+1$ dimensions. These simulations help to study non-linear effects in the case of non-abelian gauge theories. Our results show that there is an increase in energy density with the coupling, at late times. These results suggest that gravitational waves may excite non-abelian gauge fields more efficiently than electromagnetic fields. Also, gravitational waves in the early Universe and from the merger of neutron stars, black holes etc. may enhance $CP-$violation and generate an imbalance in chiral charge distributions, magnetic fields etc. - Open Access
- 13 September 2023
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review D
- Vol. 108 (5) , 054503
Confinement-deconfinement transition in -Higgs theoryWe study lattice cutoff effects on the confinement-deconfinement transition and the symmetry in -Higgs theory in dimensions. The Higgs in this study is a complex triplet with vanishing bare mass and quartic coupling. The lattice cutoff is regulated by varying the number of temporal lattice sites, . Our results show that the nature of the confinement-deconfinement transition depends on . For the transition is found to be the end point of a first-order transition and is first order for . The distributions of the Polyakov loop and other observables, sensitive to the symmetry, show that the strength of explicit breaking decreases with . Up to , the free energy difference between states decreases with , suggesting the realization of symmetry in the continuum limit.- 13 September 2023
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review D
- Vol. 108 (5) , 054503
Open AccessConfinement-deconfinement transition in -Higgs theoryWe study lattice cutoff effects on the confinement-deconfinement transition and the symmetry in -Higgs theory in dimensions. The Higgs in this study is a complex triplet with vanishing bare mass and quartic coupling. The lattice cutoff is regulated by varying the number of temporal lattice sites, . Our results show that the nature of the confinement-deconfinement transition depends on . For the transition is found to be the end point of a first-order transition and is first order for . The distributions of the Polyakov loop and other observables, sensitive to the symmetry, show that the strength of explicit breaking decreases with . Up to , the free energy difference between states decreases with , suggesting the realization of symmetry in the continuum limit. - Open Access
Confinement-deconfinement transition in $SU(3)$-Higgs theory
We study lattice cutoff effects on the confinement-deconfinement transition and the $Z_3$ symmetry in $SU(3)$-Higgs theory in $3+1$ dimensions. The Higgs in this study is a complex triplet with vanishing bare mass and quartic coupling. The lattice cutoff is regulated by varying the number of temporal lattice sites, $N_\tau$. Our results show that the nature of the confinement-deconfinement transition depends on $N_\tau$. For $N_\tau=2$ the transition is found to be the end point of a first-order transition and is first order for $N_\tau \ge 3$. The distributions of the Polyakov loop and other observables, sensitive to the $Z_3$ symmetry, show that the strength of $Z_3$ explicit breaking decreases with $N_\tau$. Up to $T\simeq 2T_c$, the free energy difference between $Z_3$ states decreases with $N_\tau$, suggesting the realization of $Z_3$ symmetry in the continuum limit.Open AccessConfinement-deconfinement transition in $SU(3)$-Higgs theory
We study lattice cutoff effects on the confinement-deconfinement transition and the $Z_3$ symmetry in $SU(3)$-Higgs theory in $3+1$ dimensions. The Higgs in this study is a complex triplet with vanishing bare mass and quartic coupling. The lattice cutoff is regulated by varying the number of temporal lattice sites, $N_\tau$. Our results show that the nature of the confinement-deconfinement transition depends on $N_\tau$. For $N_\tau=2$ the transition is found to be the end point of a first-order transition and is first order for $N_\tau \ge 3$. The distributions of the Polyakov loop and other observables, sensitive to the $Z_3$ symmetry, show that the strength of $Z_3$ explicit breaking decreases with $N_\tau$. Up to $T\simeq 2T_c$, the free energy difference between $Z_3$ states decreases with $N_\tau$, suggesting the realization of $Z_3$ symmetry in the continuum limit. - Open Access
A New Order Parameter for the Higgs Transition in $SU(2)$-Higgs Theory
We investigate the Higgs transition within the four dimensional $SU(2)-$ gauge-Higgs model in search for an order parameter as a function of the Higgs field hopping parameter, $\kappa$, using Lattice technique. We measure the Higgs condensate after applying Landau Gauge Fixing and study the corresponding susceptibility, magnetization and fourth order Binder cumulant using four different spatial volumes with $N_\tau =2$. The computation is carried out with gauge coupling, $\beta_g = 8$, for a range of scalar self-coupling, $\lambda = \{0.00010, 0.00350\}$, with emphasis near the critical end-point. Finite size scaling analysis of the gauge fixed condensate and its cumulants agree with the standard $3$d Ising values $\nu=0.62997$, $\beta/\nu=0.518$, $\gamma/\nu=1.964$ at $\lambda = 0.00150$. These results are in agreement with previous studies suggesting $3$d Ising universality class. The numerical results also indicate that, at the transition point, the gauge fixed condensate vanishes in the infinite volume limit.Open AccessA New Order Parameter for the Higgs Transition in $SU(2)$-Higgs Theory
We investigate the Higgs transition within the four dimensional $SU(2)-$ gauge-Higgs model in search for an order parameter as a function of the Higgs field hopping parameter, $\kappa$, using Lattice technique. We measure the Higgs condensate after applying Landau Gauge Fixing and study the corresponding susceptibility, magnetization and fourth order Binder cumulant using four different spatial volumes with $N_\tau =2$. The computation is carried out with gauge coupling, $\beta_g = 8$, for a range of scalar self-coupling, $\lambda = \{0.00010, 0.00350\}$, with emphasis near the critical end-point. Finite size scaling analysis of the gauge fixed condensate and its cumulants agree with the standard $3$d Ising values $\nu=0.62997$, $\beta/\nu=0.518$, $\gamma/\nu=1.964$ at $\lambda = 0.00150$. These results are in agreement with previous studies suggesting $3$d Ising universality class. The numerical results also indicate that, at the transition point, the gauge fixed condensate vanishes in the infinite volume limit. - Open Access
- 27 January 2023
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review D
- Vol. 107 (1) , 014513
New order parameter for the Higgs transition in -Higgs theoryWe investigate the Higgs transition within the four-dimensional -Higgs model in search for an order parameter as a function of the Higgs field hopping parameter, , using lattice technique. We measure the Higgs condensate after applying Landau gauge fixing and study the corresponding susceptibility, magnetization, and fourth order Binder cumulant using four different spatial volumes with . The computation is carried out with gauge coupling, , for a range of scalar self-coupling, , with an emphasis near the critical end point. Finite size scaling analysis of the gauge fixed condensate and its cumulants agree with the standard 3D Ising values , , at . These results are in agreement with previous studies suggesting 3D Ising universality class. The numerical results also indicate that, at the transition point, the gauge fixed condensate vanishes in the infinite volume limit.- 27 January 2023
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review D
- Vol. 107 (1) , 014513
Open AccessNew order parameter for the Higgs transition in -Higgs theoryWe investigate the Higgs transition within the four-dimensional -Higgs model in search for an order parameter as a function of the Higgs field hopping parameter, , using lattice technique. We measure the Higgs condensate after applying Landau gauge fixing and study the corresponding susceptibility, magnetization, and fourth order Binder cumulant using four different spatial volumes with . The computation is carried out with gauge coupling, , for a range of scalar self-coupling, , with an emphasis near the critical end point. Finite size scaling analysis of the gauge fixed condensate and its cumulants agree with the standard 3D Ising values , , at . These results are in agreement with previous studies suggesting 3D Ising universality class. The numerical results also indicate that, at the transition point, the gauge fixed condensate vanishes in the infinite volume limit.