BRBenjamin W. Roberts

Benjamin W. Roberts

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Current Organizations / Institutes

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Previous Organizations / Institutes

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Benjamin W. Roberts has a total of 53 co-authors. Here are the top co-authors by number of shared publications:


Latest Publications

  • Open Access

    Challenging the boom-and-bust models? The fourth millennium BC copper mine of Curak in south-west Serbia

    by Peter Thomas, Miljana Radivojević, Savo Derikonjić, Fabian Schapals, Jugoslav Pendić, Benjamin W. Roberts, Aleksandar Jablanović, Katja Kosczinski, Nikolas Heil, Miroslav Marić, et al.

    Despite an early surge in copper-ore mining during the sixth and fifth millennia BC (the ‘boom’), evidence for metal production in the Balkans dwindles in the fourth millennium (the ‘bust’). Here, the authors present new evidence for copper mining at Curak in south-west Serbia, c . 3800 cal BC, during this apparent downturn. By integrating field surveys, excavations and provenance analyses, they explore activity at the site, challenging the visibility bias in the archaeological record of this region for this key period. Rather than a societal collapse, the authors argue, fewer artefacts may instead reflect a widening Balkan sphere of influence.

  • Top Cited Papers
    Open Access

    From Land's End to the Levant: did Britain's tin sources transform the Bronze Age in Europe and the Mediterranean?

    by R. Alan Williams, Mariacarmela Montesanto, Kamal Badreshany, Daniel Berger, Andy M. Jones, Enrique Aragón, Gerhard Brügmann, Matthew Ponting, Benjamin W. Roberts

    Bronze Age–Early Iron Age tin ingots recovered from four Mediterranean shipwrecks off the coasts of Israel and southern France can now be provenanced to tin ores in south-west Britain. These exceptionally rich and accessible ores played a fundamental role in the transition from copper to full tin-bronze metallurgy across Europe and the Mediterranean during the second millennium BC. The authors’ application of a novel combination of three independent analyses (trace element, lead and tin isotopes) to tin ores and artefacts from Western and Central Europe also provides the foundation for future analyses of the pan-continental tin trade in later periods.


  • Open Access

    Early weight systems, markets and trade

    by Benjamin W. Roberts

    The dominance of economics in shaping the modern world has encouraged scholars from diverse intellectual backgrounds to explore and interpret the evidence for exchange, merchants and markets in the distant past. Urban, state and pan-continental trade systems and networks were developed and in use for thousands of years before the emergence of coins in the early first millennium BC in Anatolia, India and China. In the absence of coins, there is at least some reassuring evidence—especially for historians and economists—when written records detailing goods and transactions are discovered and translated. However, while these sources are invaluable, the majority of the early trade and exchange between individuals and groups across the world is visible only in the archaeological record. The sheer scale, complexity and distances revealed, even for some small village-based agricultural groups, highlights that there was widespread co-operation, but also raises the question of how such exchanges could have occurred. It is in this space that the frequently neglected—and sometimes maligned—study of early metrological systems and weight use can be best appreciated.

  • Top Cited Papers
    Open Access

    Early Balkan Metallurgy: Origins, Evolution and Society, 6200–3700 BC

    by Miljana Radivojević, Benjamin W. Roberts

    This paper analyses and re-evaluates current explanations and interpretations of the origins, development and societal context of metallurgy in the Balkans (c. 6200–3700 BC). The early metallurgy in this region encompasses the production, distribution and consumption of copper, gold, tin bronze, lead and silver. The paper draws upon a wide range of existing archaeometallurgical and archaeological data, the diversity and depth of which make the Balkans one of the most intensively investigated of all early metallurgical heartlands across the world. We focus specifically on the ongoing debates relating to (1) the independent invention and innovation of different metals and metal production techniques; (2) the analysis and interpretation of early metallurgical production cores and peripheries, and their collapses; and (3) the relationships between metals, metallurgy and society. We argue that metal production in the Balkans throughout this period reflects changes in the organisation of communities and their patterns of cooperation, rather than being the fundamental basis for the emergence of elites in an increasingly hierarchical society.


  • Open Access

    Reassessing Community Cemeteries: Cremation Burials in Britain during the Middle Bronze Age (c.1600–1150 calbc)

    by Edward Caswell, Benjamin W. Roberts

    The Middle Bronze Age (c. 1600–1150 cal bc) in Britain is traditionally understood to represent a major funerary transition. This is a transformation from a heterogeneous funerary rite, largely encompassing inhumations and cremations in burial mounds and often accompanied by grave goods, to a homogeneous and unadorned cremation-based practice. Despite a huge expansion in the number of well excavated, radiocarbon dated, and osteologically analysed sites in the last three decades, current interpretations of Middle Bronze Age cremation burials still rely upon a seminal paper by Ellison (1980), which proposed that they comprise and represent an entire community. This paper analyses 378 cremation sites containing at least 3133 burials which represent all those that can be confidently dated to the Middle Bronze Age in Britain. The new analysis demonstrates that relatively few sites can be characterised as community cemeteries and that there are substantially more contemporary settlement sites, though few contemporary settlements are in close proximity to the cemeteries. The identifiable characteristics of cremation-based funerary practices are consistent across Britain with little evidence for social differentiation at the point of burial. It is also evident that only a minority of the population received a cremation burial. There is a substantial decrease in archaeologically visible funerary activity from the preceding Early Bronze Age (c. 2200–1600 cal bc) and a further decrease in the proceeding Late Bronze Age (c. 1150–800 cal bc) in Britain. This is comparable in form, and partially in sequence, to Bronze Age funerary practices in Ireland and several regions in North-west Europe. Réévaluation des cimetières collectifs: sépultures à incinération en Grande-Bretagne durant l’âge du bronze moyen (env. 1600–1150 cal av. J.-C.), de Edward Caswell & Benjamin W. Roberts L’âge du bronze moyen (env. 1600–1150 cal av. J.-C. en Grande-Bretagne est traditionnellement considéré comme représentant une transition funéraire majeure. Celle-ci consiste en une transformation d’un rite funéraire hétérogène incluant essentiellement inhumations et incinérations dans des tertres funéraires, souvent accompagnées de mobilier funéraire, à une pratique homogène et sans mobilier reposant sur des incinérations.Malgré une vaste expansion du nombre de sites soigneusement fouillés, datés au C14 et analysés ostéologiquement au cours des trois dernières décennies, les interprétations actuelles des sépultures à incinération de l’âge du bronze moyen s’appuient toujours sur un article élémentaire d’Ellison (1980). Alternativement,le présent article analyse 378 sites d’incinération contenant au moins 3133 sépultures qui représentent toutes celles que l’on peut dater avec certitude de l’âge du bronze moyen en Grande-Bretagne. La nouvelle analyse démontre que relativement peu de sites peuvent être caractérisés comme cimetières collectifs et qu’il y a substantiellement plus de sites d’occupation contemporains, bien que peu très proches des cimetières collectifs. Les caractéristiques identifiables des pratiques funéraires reposant sur l’incinération sont cmpatibles à travers toute la Grande-Bretagne avec peu de preuves de différentiation sociale au moment de l’inhumation. Il est également évident que seule une minorité de la population bénéficiait d’une inhumation à incinération. Il y a une diminution substantielle dans les activités funéraires visibles à l’archéologie du précédent âge du bronze ancien (env. 2200–1600 cal av. J.-C.) et une diminution encore plus importante à l’âge du bronze final qui a suivi (env. 1150–800 cal av. J.-C.) en Grande-Bretagne, ce qui est comparable dans sa forme et partiellement dans sa séquence , aux pratiques funéraires de l’âge du bronze en Irlande et dans plusieurs régions du nord-ouest de l’Europe. Eine Neubewertung von gemeinschaftlichen Gräberfeldern: Brandbestattungen in Großbritannien während der Mittelbronzezeit (ca. 1600–1150 cal bc), von Edward Caswell und Benjamin W. Roberts Die Mittelbronzezeit (ca. 1600–1150 cal bc) in Großbritannien wird traditionell als Zeit eines wichtigen Übergangs in der Bestattungssitte gesehen. Dieser Wandel vollzieht sich von einem heterogenen Begräbnisritual in Grabhügeln, in denen sich Körper- und Brandbestattungen, häuftig mit Beigaben, befinden, zu einer homogenen Begräbnisart bei der beigabenlose Brandbesttatungen vorherrschen. Trotz immenser Zunahme der Zahl gut ausgegrabener, C14-datierter und anthropologisch untersuchter Fundstellen in den letzten drei Jahrzehnten, beziehen sich derzeitigen Interpretationen mittelbronzezeitlicher Brandbestattungen noch immer auf den wegweisenden Aufsatz von Ellison (1980). Der hier vorliegende Beitrag untersucht 378 Brandbestattungsplätze mit insgesamt mindestens 3133 Beisetzungen, bei denen die Datierung in die britische Mittelbronzezeit sicher ist. Die neue Untersuchung zeigt, dass nur recht wenige Fundplätze als Gräberfelder einer Gemeinschaft charakterisiert werden können, und dass es deutlich mehr zeitgleiche Siedlungen gibt, wenn auch nur wenige in unmittelbarer Nähe zu den Gräberfeldern. Die erkennbaren Charakteristiken von auf diesen Brandbestattungen sind in ganz...


  • Top Cited Papers
    Open Access

    The Provenance, Use, and Circulation of Metals in the European Bronze Age: The State of Debate

    by Miljana Radivojević, Benjamin W. Roberts, Ernst Pernicka, Zofia Stos-Gale, Marcos Martinón-Torres, Thilo Rehren, Peter Bray, Dirk Brandherm, Johan Ling, Jianjun Mei, et al.


  • On the Curious Date of the Rylstone Log-Coffin Burial

    by Nigel D. Melton, Janet Montgomery, Benjamin W. Roberts, Gordon Cook, Susanna Harris

    Radiocarbon dates have been obtained from a log-coffin burial excavated in 1864 by Canon William Greenwell from a ditched round barrow at Scale House, near Rylstone, North Yorkshire. The oak tree-trunk coffin had contained an extended body wrapped in a wool textile. The body had entirely decayed and there were no other extant grave goods. In the absence of other grave goods, Greenwell attributed the burial to the Bronze Age because it lay under a ditched round barrow and had similarities with log-coffin burials from Britain and Denmark. This attribution has not been questioned since 1864 despite a number of early medieval log-coffin burials subsequently being found in northern Britain. Crucially, the example excavated near Quernmore, Lancashire in 1973, was published as Bronze Age but subsequently radiocarbon dated to ad 430–970. The Rylstone coffin and textile were radiocarbon dated to confirm that the burial was Early Bronze Age and not an early medieval coffin inserted into an earlier funerary monument. Unexpectedly, the dates were neither Early Bronze Age nor early medieval but c. 800 bc, the cusp of the Bronze Age–Iron Age transition in Britain. The burial at Rylstone is, therefore, one of only two sites in Britain, and is unparalleled elsewhere in north-western Europe at a time when disposal of the dead was primarily through dispersed cremated or unburnt disarticulated remains. De la curieuse datation de l’inhumation à cercueil de bois de Rylstone, de Nigel D. Melton, Janet Montgomery, Benjamin W. Roberts, Gordon Cook, et Susanna Harris Des datations au C14 ont été obtenues d’une inhumation à cercueil de bois excavée par le Chanoine William Greenwell d’un tertre rond à fossé à Scale House, près de Rylstone, North Yorkshire. Le cercueil creusé dans un tronc de chêne avait recelé un cadavre en position allongée enveloppé dans un tissu de laine. Le corps était complètement décomposé et il ne subsistait pas d’autre mobilier funéraire. En l’absence d’autre mobilier funéraire, Greenwell a attribué l’inhumation à l’âge du bronze parce qu’elle se trouvait sous un tertre rond à fossé et avait des similarités avec des inhumations dans des cercueils de bois de Grande-Bretagne et du Danemark. Depuis 1864, cette attribution de date n’a jamais été remise en question malgré le fait qu’on a par la suite découvert un certain nombre d’inhumations du début du moyen-âge dans des cercueils de bois dans le nord de la Grande-Bretagne. Point crucial, un exemple provenant de Quernmore, Lancashire fut publié comme étant de l’âge du bronze mais une datation au C14 ultérieure donna une date de 430–970 ap.J.-C..Le cercueil et le tissu de Rylstone furent datés au C14 afin de confirmer que l’inhumation datait bien de l’âge du bronze ancien et n’était pas un cercueil du début du moyen âge inséré dans un monument funéraire plus ancien. Contre toute attente, les dates tournent autour d’environ 800 av. J.-C., à la pointe de la transition âge du bronze-âge du fer en Grande-Bretagne. L’inhumation de Rhylstone n’a donc de parallèle ni en Grande-Bretagne, ni en Europe du nord-ouest à un moment où la disposition des morts se faisait essentiellement par la dispersion de restes désarticulés, incinérés ou non. Zum sonderbaren Datum der Baumsarg-Bestattung von Rylstone, von Nigel D. Melton, Janet Montgomery, Benjamin W. Roberts, Gordon Cook, und Susanna Harris Radiokarbondaten wurden von einer Baumsarg-Bestattung genommen, die im Jahr 1864 von Canon William Greenwell in einem Rundhügel mit umgebendem Graben in Scale House bei Rylstone, North Yorkshire, ausgegraben wurde. Der aus einem Eichenstamm gefertigte Sarg hatte einen ausgestreckten Körper enthalten, der in einen Wollstoff eingewickelt worden war. Der Körper war nahezu vollständig verfallen und es gab keine weiteren erhaltenen Grabbeigaben. Mangels anderer Grabbeigaben wies Greenwell die Bestattung der Bronzezeit zu, da sie unter einem Rundhügel mit Graben lag und Ähnlichkeiten mit Baumsarg-Bestattungen aus Großbritannien und Dänemark hatte. Diese zeitliche Zuweisung wurde seit 1864 nicht in Frage gestellt, trotz einer Reihe frühmittelalterlicher Bestattungen in Baumsärgen, die in der Folge im nördlichen Großbritannien gefunden wurden. Äußerst wichtig war ein Exemplar aus Quernmore, Lancashire, das als bronzezeitlich publiziert, aber anschließend nach ad 430–970 C14-datiert wurde. Der Sarg und das Textil von Rylstone wurden ebenfalls radiokarbondatiert, um zu bestätigen, dass die Bestattung in die Frühbronzezeit gehört und kein frühmittelalterlicher Sarg ist, der in ein älteres Grabmonument eingetieft worden war. Unerwarteterweise liegen die Datierungen um ca. 800 bc, also am Scheitelpunkt des Übergangs von der Bronze- zur Eisenzeit. Die Bestattung von Rylstone ist demnach ohne Parallelen in Großbritannien, aber auch in ganz Nordwesteuropa, zu einer Zeit als die Entsorgung der Toten vor allem in Form zerstreuten Leichenbrands oder disartikulierter Knochen geschah. La curiosa datación del enterramiento en ‘ataúd de tronco de madera’ de Rylstone, por Nigel D. Melton, Janet Montgomery, Benjamin W. Roberts, Gordon Cook y Susanna Harris Se han obtenido dataciones de radiocarbono de un enterramiento en ‘ataúd de tronco de madera’ excavado en 1864 por Canon Willian Greenwell en un túmulo circular con foso en...


  • Collapsing Commodities or Lavish Offerings? Understanding Massive Metalwork Deposition at Langton Matravers, Dorset During the Bronze Age–Iron Age Transition

    by Benjamin W. Roberts, Dorothee Boughton, Michael Dinwiddy, Nisha Doshi, Andrew P. Fitzpatrick, Duncan Hook, Nigel Meeks, Aude Mongiatti, Ann Woodward, Peter J. Woodward

    Summary: The discovery of 373 intact and broken tin‐bronze socketed axes accompanied by 404 fragments in four pits at Langton Matravers collectively represents one of the largest hoards found to date in prehistoric Britain and Ireland. They were very probably never meant to be used as axes as the very high levels of tin they contain would have made them brittle. Many were poorly finished, with the majority still containing their casting cores. The axes are typologically dated to the Llyn Fawr metalwork phase (c.800–600 BC) and span the Bronze Age/Iron Age transition, when the production, circulation and deposition of bronze appear to have been substantially reduced throughout north‐west Europe. By placing the Langton Matravers hoard(s) in a broader metallurgical, material and archaeological context, existing theories for this phenomenon, such as the preference for iron, a collapse in bronze supply, or the sharp devaluation of a social or ritual ‘bronze standard’, are evaluated. It is proposed that the Langton Matravers axes belong to a short phase in the centuries‐long processes underlying the changing roles of bronze and iron.