Nalan Özdemir

In our study, pH‐responsive poly(acrylic acid)‐Cu ²⁺ hybrid nanoflowers (PAA@Cu ²⁺ hNFs) were fabricated by using poly(acrylic acid) and Cu ²⁺ ions in phosphate‐buffered saline solution (PBS). For comparison, pure copper phosphate nanoflowers (Cu NFs) were fabricated. Synthesized PAA@Cu ²⁺ hNFs and Cu NFs were characterized using SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, BET, zeta potential, and DLS measurements. Within the pH range of 6–9, PAA@Cu ^{2 +} hNFs exhibit a spherical, flower‐like porous morphology, with the pH 9 sample showing a more compact, uniform structure and more homogeneous interpetal pores than those at other pH values. Then, hemoglobin (Hb) adsorption studies were also performed using PAA@Cu ²⁺ hNFs and Cu NFs across various parameters, including pH, Hb concentration, ionic strength, temperature, and time. At pH 7, the highest Hb adsorption capacities of PAA@Cu ²⁺ hNFs and Cu NFs were calculated as 961.98 and 94.23 mg/g, respectively. The desorption studies of Hb from the synthesized nanoflowers were performed in an acetate buffer solution including NaCl. The desorption yields of Hb for PAA@Cu ²⁺ hNFs and Cu NFs were calculated as 96.1% and 95.8%, respectively. Then, the reusability of the synthesized nanoflowers for Hb adsorption was evaluated over five cycles. These results suggest that PAA@Cu ^{2 +} hNFs are suitable for Hb separation.

The increasing use of engineered nanomaterials across various industries has raised concerns regarding their environmental fate and the potential for unintended bioaccumulation in non-target organisms. In this study, the bioaccumulation of copper ions derived from copper-based nanoflowers was investigated in the larvae of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), an ecologically significant model organism. The larvae were exposed to different doses of nanoflowers (2, 5, 10, and 50 µg/10 µL) under controlled laboratory conditions. At the end of the exposure period (24 h), copper content in the larval shed skin was quantitatively analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results demonstrated a significant accumulation of copper in the tissues of treated larvae compared to the control group, indicating that nanoflowers may serve as a bioavailable source of heavy metals. These findings provide important insights into the potential ecotoxicological risks posed by nanostructured materials in terrestrial ecosystems. Additionally, the study examined the effects of increasing nanoflower doses on the water and ash content of the larvae. The results showed no significant change in water content compared to the control group; however, a significant decrease in ash content was observed in larvae exposed to 2 µg/10 µL and 50 µg/10 µL doses.

Background Many methods are used for cancer treatment, especially chemotherapy. In addition to the their therapeutic effects, chemotherapeutic drugs also have serious disadvantages, such as not being cell and tissue-specific, causing toxicity in many tissues, and developing drug resistance. Many methods, especially nanocarriers, have been designed to overcome these disadvantages. Methods and results In this study, we synthesized mesoporous silica iron oxide nanoparticles with different pore diameters and loaded idarubicin (6MFe₃O₄-NH₂-IDA and 35MFe₃O₄-NH₂-IDA). The synthesized molecules were characterized using FT-IR, XRD, and SEM methods. The cytotoxic effects of unbound idarubicin and idarubicin-loaded nanoparticles on MCF7 and HL-60 cell lines were examined by MTT test. Additionally, the expression of anti-apoptotic (Survivin and BCL-2) and apoptotic (BAX, PUMA, and NOXA) genes of the nanoparticles were measured by PCR method. As a result of the analyses, it was seen that nanoparticles with the desired properties and sizes were synthesized. In MTT analysis, it was observed that both nanoparticles dramatically decreased the IC₅₀ value in cell lines. However, the 35MFe₃O₄-NH₂-IDA molecule was found to have lower IC₅₀ values. IC₅₀ values ​​for pristine IDA, 6MFe₃O₄-NH₂, and 35MFe₃O₄-NH₂ at 24 h were found to be 3.56, 1.24 and 0.25 µM in the MCF7 cell line and 4.15, 1.16 and 0.34 µM in the HL-60 cell line, respectively. Additionally, apoptotic gene expression increased, and anti-apoptotic gene expression decreased. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that the effectiveness of idarubicin can be significantly enhanced by its application with mesoporous nanocarriers. This enhancement is attributed to the controlled release of idarubicin from the nanocarrier, which circumvents drug resistance mechanisms, improves drug solubility, and increases the drug-carrying capacity per unit volume due to the porous structure of the carrier. These findings underscore the potential of the synthesized nanocarrier in cancer treatment and provide a clear direction for future research in this field.

Recently, hybrid nanoflowers (hNFs), which are accepted as popular carrier supports in the development of enzyme immobilization strategies, have attracted much attention. In this study, the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was immobilized to mesoporous magnetic Fe₃O₄-NH₂ by forming Schiff base compounds and the HRP@Fe₃O₄-NH₂/hNFs were then synthesized. Under optimal conditions, 95.0% of the available HRP was immobilized on the Fe₃O₄-NH₂/hNFs. Structural morphology and characterization of synthesized HRP@Fe₃O₄-NH₂/hNFs were investigated. The results demonstrated that the average size of HRP@Fe₃O₄-NH₂/hNFs was determined to be around 220 nm. The ζ-potential and magnetic saturation values of HRP@Fe₃O₄-NH₂/hNFs were -33.58 mV and ∼30 emu/g, respectively. Additionally, the optimum pH, optimum temperature, thermal stability, kinetic parameters, reusability, and storage stability were examined. It was observed that the optimum pH value shifted from 5.0 to pH 8.0 after immobilization, while the optimum temperature shifted from 30 to 80 °C. K _m values were calculated to be 15.5502 and 7.6707 mM for free HRP and the HRP@Fe₃O₄-NH₂/hNFs, respectively, and V _max values were calculated to be 0.0701 and 0.0038 mM min^-1. The low K _m value observed after immobilization indicated that the affinity of HRP for its substrate increased. The HRP@Fe₃O₄-NH₂/hNFs showed higher thermal stability than free HRP, and its residual activity after six usage cycles was approximately 45%. While free HRP lost all of its activity within 120 min at 65 °C, the HRP@Fe₃O₄-NH₂/hNFs retained almost all of its activity during the 6 h incubation period at 80 °C. Most importantly, the HRP@Fe₃O₄-NH₂/hNFs demonstrated good potential efficiency for the biodegradation of methyl orange, phenol red, and methylene blue dyes. The HRP@Fe₃O₄-NH₂/hNFs were used for a total of 8 cycles to degrade methyl orange, phenol red, and methylene blue, and degradation of around 81, 96, and 56% was obtained in 8 h, respectively. Overall, we believe that the HRP@Fe₃O₄-NH₂/hNFs reported in this work can be potentially used in various industrial and environmental applications, particularly for the biodegradation of recalcitrant compounds, such as textile dyes.

Objective: Recently, biosynthesis/synthesis of nanoflowers has become very attractive for chemical and pharmaceutical sciences, and enhanced enzyme activities. Various plant extracts and their active compounds are effectively used as organic component for novel nanoflowers synthesis. Solanum melongena L., commonly known as eggplant in English, a vegetable and medicinal plant belongs to Solanaceae family has several advantages in materials synthesis due to cheap and obtained easily. The aim of this study is to compare the enzyme ((alpha-glucosidase (AGase), alpha-amylase (AAase), tyrosinase (Tyr), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BChE)) inhibitory effects of the eggplant’ calyx extract and its Solanum-inorganic hybrid nanoflower (Sm-ihNFs) via in vitro experimental methods. Methods: The hybrid nanoflower was formed (NF) with organic molecules, eggplant extract (Sm), and inorganic compounds, copper to enhance the catalytic activities. The inhibition capacities of the eggplant extract, and its hybrid nanoflower were evaluated on selected enzymes (AGase, AAase, Tyr, AChE and BChE) which play significant roles physiologically by in vitro tests in this study. Results: According to inhibition percentages and IC50 values, Sm-ihNFs showed higher inhibitory activities on enzymes other than ache than the plain crude plant extract. Among all the enzymes that were studied, Sm-ihNFs demonstrated significantly higher alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibition activities compared to acarbose. And when compared to galanthamine hydrobromide Sm-ihNFs showed higher enzyme inhibition and significant IC50 value. Conclusion: It was thought that Sm-ihNFs prepared from eggplant extract may have promising potential for antidiabetic drug formulations in the future. The hybrid nanoflowers will be promising and guide for the future work in terms of pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industry.

Protein‐inorganic hybrid nanoflowers are new multifunctional materials shown enhanced catalytic performance. Specially, they are used as catalyst and dye decolorizer via Fenton reaction. In this study, the Myoglobin‐Zn (II) assisted hybrid nanoflowers (MbNFs@Zn) were fabricated by using myoglobin and zinc (II) ions in different synthesis conditions. The optimum morphology was characterized SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, and FT‐IR. The hemisphere and uniform morphology was obtained at pH 6 and 0.1 mg mL⁻¹. The size of MbNFs@Zn are 5–6 μm. The encapsulation yield was ∼95 %. In the presence of H₂O₂, the peroxidase mimic activity of MbNFs@Zn was spectrophotometrically investigated in the different pH values (4–9). The highest peroxidase mimic activity was found as 3.378 EU/mg at pH 4. MbNFs@Zn was exhibited 0.28 EU/mg after eight cycles. MbNFs@Zn has lost about 92 % of its activity. The usability of MbNFs@Zn for decolorization of azo dyes such as Congo red (CR), and Evans blue (EB) was researched at different times, temperatures and concentrations. The decolorization efficiency was found maximum as 92.3 % and 88.4 % for EB and CR dyes, respectively. MbNFs@Zn has perfect properties such as enhanced catalytic performance, high decolorization efficiency, stability and reusability, and can be excellent potential materials for many industrial applications.