Clara Sainz de Baranda Andújar

Despite the consolidation of female role models after London 2012, the visibility of female athletes in the media remains limited. The main objective of this article is to evaluate the coverage of female athletes as protagonists, analyzing the longitudinal evolution of information and the gender gap in high-visibility events. To this end, a systematic observational methodology was applied to a sample of 787 sports reports broadcast on Cadena SER and Onda Cero bulletins between 2018 and 2021. Through stratified random sampling, 111 days coinciding with major international events (Olympic Games, World and European Championships) were selected, using a validated analysis instrument (Kappa < 0.94) to encode variables of gender, sport, medium, and identification of the protagonist in the headline. Among the results, it stands out that men are the protagonists of 80.18% of the information, compared to a scant 15.37% for women. An extreme dependence on extraordinary milestones is observed: while in the 2021 Olympic year the coverage of women reached 19.62%, in 2019 (Women's World Cup) it fell to 12.36%. Football accounts for 55.53% of the total coverage, with an 89.93% male presence. Likewise, a bias was detected in the headlines: women are mostly identified by their team (10.42%) rather than their own name (5.34%), unlike men, who enjoy greater individualization. These data confirm an editorial immobility in Spanish sports radio, where an androcentric structure persists in which women do not receive continuous coverage and their visibility is conditioned to Olympic success. The marked "soccer-centered agenda" and the lack of individual identity in sound narratives act as barriers that prevent the consolidation of female references.

Emotion classification and assessment could be a potential tool to enhance women's protection in gender-based violence situations through fear-recognition systems. Despite advances in this field, female-focused studies of emotion recognition are lacking, even if there is evidence of socialisation-related gender differences in emotion recognition and expression. To create a women-oriented EEG database focused on fear, this research explores different preprocessing, feature extraction, and selection methods, along with machine learning classifiers, to establish an effective fear recognition pipeline. The findings suggest that using a Random Forest with a 4 s window size, features selected using the MRMR algorithm, self-reported labels, and incorporating the gamma frequency band yield the optimal pipeline. To validate said results, the pipeline is tested with strict data splits (LOSO, LASO, and LOVO) as well as with a public database (SEED IV). Overall, these insights contribute to the development of EEG-based fear recognition systems specifically tailored to women's protection.

El artículo se centra en las fotografías que publican los diarios digitales españoles (2017-2021) sobre Inteligencia Artificial (IA), con especial atención a las diferencias de género y al papel de las mujeres. La muestra final es de 6.466 imágenes. Como resultado, cabe destacar la infrarrepresentación de las mujeres, que constituye en sí misma una realimentación de la segregación de género que existe actualmente en este sector. Desde el punto de vista cualitativo, las imágenes que fomentan los estereotipos de género se asocian a tres conceptos claves: la división sexual del trabajo, presente en el diseño de la robótica y la IA; la cosificación sexual de las mujeres, al asociar una imagen de feminidad a los robots sexuales; además de la infrarrepresentación de las mujeres y su falta de protagonismo en los avances científicos de los que se informa.

The design of wearable devices has been approached from many perspectives over the years, mainly from a functionality, electronics, mechanics, usability, wearability, or product design perspective. However, there is a missing point in these approaches: the gender perspective. Gender intersects with every approach and, considering the interrelationships and dependencies, can achieve a better adherence, reach a wider audience, and even change the conception of the wearables design paradigm. The electronics design addressed from a gender perspective must consider both the morphological and anatomical impacts and those emanating from socialization. This paper presents an analysis of the different factors to consider when designing the electronics of a wearable device, including the functionality to implement, sensors, communications, or the location, together with their interdependencies, and proposes a user-centered methodology that contemplates a gender perspective at every stage. Finally, we present a use case that validates the proposed methodology in a real design of a wearable device for the prevention of gender-based violence cases. For the application of the methodology, 59 experts have been interviewed, 300 verbatims have been extracted and analyzed, a dataset from the data of 100 women has been created and the wearable devices have been tested for a week by 15 users. The electronics design needs to be addressed from a multidisciplinary approach, by rethinking the decisions taken for granted and analyzing the implications and interrelationships from a gender perspective. We need to enroll more diverse people at every design stage and include gender as one of the variables to study.

Audiovisual communication is greatly contributing to the emerging research field of affective computing. The use of audiovisual stimuli within immersive virtual reality environments is providing very intense emotional reactions, which provoke spontaneous physical and physiological changes that can be assimilated into real responses. In order to ensure high-quality recognition, the artificial intelligence (AI) system must be trained with adequate data sets, including not only those gathered by smart sensors but also the tags related to the elicited emotion. Currently, there are very few techniques available for the labeling of emotions. Among them, the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) devised by Lang is one of the most popular. This study shows experimentally that the graphic proposal for the original SAM labelling system, as devised by Lang, is not neutral to gender and contains gender biases in its design and representation. Therefore, a new graphic design has been proposed and tested according to the guidelines of expert judges. The results of the experiment show an overall improvement in the labeling of emotions in the pleasure–arousal–dominance (PAD) affective space, particularly, for women. This research proves the relevance of applying the gender perspective in the validation of tools used throughout the years.

Affective computing through physiological signals monitoring is currently a hot topic in the scientific literature, but also in the industry. Many wearable devices are being developed for health or wellness tracking during daily life or sports activity. Likewise, other applications are being proposed for the early detection of risk situations involving sexual or violent aggressions, with the identification of panic or fear emotions. The use of other sources of information, such as video or audio signals will make multimodal affective computing a more powerful tool for emotion classification, improving the detection capability. There are other biological elements that have not been explored yet and that could provide additional information to better disentangle negative emotions, such as fear or panic. Catecholamines are hormones produced by the adrenal glands, two small glands located above the kidneys. These hormones are released in the body in response to physical or emotional stress. The main catecholamines, namely adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine have been analysed, as well as four physiological variables: skin temperature, electrodermal activity, blood volume pulse (to calculate heart rate activity. i.e., beats per minute) and respiration rate. This work presents a comparison of the results provided by the analysis of physiological signals in reference to catecholamine, from an experimental task with 21 female volunteers receiving audiovisual stimuli through an immersive environment in virtual reality. Artificial intelligence algorithms for fear classification with physiological variables and plasma catecholamine concentration levels have been proposed and tested. The best results have been obtained with the features extracted from the physiological variables. Adding catecholamine’s maximum variation during the five minutes after the video clip visualization, as well as adding the five measurements (1-min interval) of these levels, are not providing better performance in the classifiers.

In Spain, compliance with protection orders in gender-based violence crimes are sometimes monitored with electronic devices. The objective of this paper is to analyze the use of electronic devices from the perspective of professionals involved in the assistance of victims. Method: We have carried out in-depth interviews with professionals in the gender-based violence sector in the region of Madrid. In particular, 59 workers (n=59), such as lawyers, social workers, psychologist, police officers, etc., have been interviewed. Results: From the perspective of the professionals electronic devices do not contribute to the well-being of the victims, but revictimizes survivors who wear the device. Moreover, these devices might be counterproductive because they could reduce the fear of crime but does not decrease real vulnerability.

El mundo de las presencias es simulado, presentado y representado en el medio digital. En el contexto de la comunicación digital-virtual, y a partir de las recientes transformaciones en sus soportes, las colecciones multimodales de información pasan a un estado en el que el acceso de los sujetos informacionales a la información se puede facilitar y ampliar. En tal universo, la información y los datos representados necesitan tratamientos conceptuales y técnicos que respeten la naturaleza y las particularidades de los medios y de los lenguajes que transitan por ellos. Además, al ser procesados en un medio frágil como es el digital, la información codificada para medios electrónicos también requiere de procedimientos y cuidados dirigidos a su preservación integral. En la Ciencia de la Información, el conjunto de procedimientos continuos e iterativos destinados a satisfacer las demandas de atención para optimizar el acceso y la preservación se denomina Curación Digital: un complejo de procesos que van desde el design inicial y conceptualización hasta la designación de metadatos, la evaluación de decisiones de preservación o descarte, la transformación, el acceso, el intercambio y la reevaluación de objetos digitales. En temas relacionados con el género, la necesidad de la Curación Digital de la información presentada en medios electrónicos se torna urgente, dados los dramáticos hechos que preocupan por la falta de información, o por la desinformación, en los múltiples territorios que abarca el concepto. En ellos, la información debe ser procesada con el propósito sociocultural de realizar la creación de estrategias e instrumentos para superar los innumerables desafíos e injusticias presentes.

This paper presents how STEM disciplines and Social Sciences are combined to generate a database of audiovisual stimuli with a gender perspective capable of training an intelligent system for detecting dangerous situations in women who are Victims of Gender Violence. In the methodology of stimulus selection, it has been composed of two procedures: 1) According to research criteria for those related to phylogenetic and associative learning fears; 2) According to criteria based on in-depth interviews with experts in violence and content validation through the technique of expert judges for those related to fears that have to do with traumatic experiences of Gender Violence. The results indicate that the methodological combination improves the selection of audiovisual stimuli that are part of the experiments, better adjusting to the needs of women Victims of Gender violence