Manoj Kumar Patro

Introduction and aim. The occurrence of BCR-ABL1 fusion transcript in acute-leukemia cases are limited and is characterized with various subtypes. This study was based on investigation of the BCR-ABL1 fusion transcript in acute-leukemia cases in a tertiary care hospital. Material and methods. This cross-sectional study was carried out in suspected cases of acute leukemia. Cases were analyzed for complete blood counts, peripheral smear, bone marrow and flow-cytometry for the diagnosis of acute-leukemia. Additionally, diagnosed cases were investigated for BCR-ABL1 fusion transcript by PCR amplification using reverse transcriptase enzyme followed by documentation. Results. Approximately 55 acute leukemia cases included, diagnosed by flow cytometric analysis. Analysis of the BCR-ABL1 fusion-transcript in 55 cases showed its occurrence in only 2 cases, where one case with the B-ALL was characterized with e1a2 subtype and a other case with AML was characterized with the e13a2 subtype. Conclusion. The BCR-ABL1 fusion transcript in acute-leukemia cases was found in 3.64% (2/55) of cases. The diagnosis of BCR-ABL1 fusion transcript in acute-leukemia cases is important for its poor prognosis, as well as calls for the use of ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The diagnosis of BCR-ABL1 fusion-transcript in acute leukemia cases in a tertiary health care facility will be helpful for better treatment of patients in the study area.

Background: Ovarian cancer ranks sixth among women’s cancers globally and seventh among cancer-related deaths. Around 90% of ovarian cancers have an epithelial genesis. Steroid hormones like progesterone and estrogen largely influence the development of ovarian cancers. In ovarian neoplasms, the proliferation marker Ki 67 helps forecast the course of the disease. Objective: To study the immunohistochemical expression pattern of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Ki 67 in the surface epithelial ovarian tumors (SEOTs) and correlate the findings with the standard histopathological. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, MKCG Medical College and Hospital, Brahmapur, from November 2020 to October 2022 on 62 surface epithelial ovarian tumor cases. All the patients were evaluated for standard histopathological parameters and immuno-histochemistry (IHC) status using ER, PR, and Ki 67 as primary antibodies. Results: A total of 62 cases of SEOTs constituted the study group, of which 42 (67.74%) were benign, 5 (8.06%) were borderline, and 15 (24.2%) were malignant on histopathological evaluation: serous SEOTs (41, 66.12%), mucinous SEOTs (18, 29.03%), endometrioid SEOTs (2, 3.22%), and clear cell carcinoma (1, 1.61%). ER expression was more in malignant tumors (10/15; 66.66%) than in borderline (3/5; 60%) and benign (11/42; 26.19%), but the expression of PR was more in benign (27/42; 64.28%), followed by borderline (3/5; 60%) and malignant (8/15; 53.33%) SEOTs. Expression of Ki 67 was found to be more malignant (14/15; 93.33%) than borderline (4/5; 80%) and benign (2/42; 4.76%) SEOTs. Conclusion: ER and Ki 67 were expressed more in malignant, followed by borderline and benign, whereas PR expression was more innocent than borderline and malignant.

Introduction: Endometrial carcinoma is a common cancer affecting women. Different molecular alterations have been described in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EC). Among them the most frequently altered is the loss of the PTEN protein, a tumor suppressor gene, leading to microsatellite instability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression pattern of PTEN gene in normal proliferative, hyperplastic, and neoplastic endometrium. Objective: To observe the altered expression of PTEN in proliferative endometrium, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrial carcinoma. Methods: This study was an observational descriptive study conducted in the Department of Pathology, M.K.C.G. Medical College, Brahmpur,Odhisha. over a two-year period in which immuno-histochemical evaluation of PTEN expression was done in 146 patients. Results: PTEN immunoreactivity was present in all normal proliferative endometrium, all simple hyperplasia, 50% of atypical hyperplasia, and in none of EC (P < 0.001). The intensity of PTEN reaction was significantly higher in a group with proliferative endometrium than in atypical hyperplastic endometrium and EC (P < 0.001).  Conclusion: PTEN expression was significantly higher in cyclical endometrium than in atypical hyperplasia and endometrioid carcinoma and PTEN immunostaining may be a new and effective tool for screening malignant and premalignant endometrial lesions

Background: The most frequent malignancy in Indian women is uterine cervix cancer. According to the clinical stage of the tumour and the surgical findings, surgery is the primary mode of treatment, coupled with radiation and chemotherapy. Despite the use of cisplatin-based combination treatment, patients with advanced or recurring illness have a poor prognosis. In order to replace or supplement the present therapy for these patients, it is becoming more and more important to identify novel therapeutic targets. The goal of the current investigation was to determine whether Her-2/neu expression was present. Methods: In this investigation, 81 cervical specimens were used. These cases included squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma diagnoses. BioGenex monoclonal mouse anti-human HER-2/neu Receptor IgG1 antibody was used for HER-2/neu immunostaining. Results: Malignant lesions showed higher expression of HER-2/neu compared to premalignant lesions. Additionally, there was a correlation between staining intensity and lymph node metastasis, clinical stage, and malignant tumour grade. Conclusion: Oncoprotein HER-2/neu overexpression has been linked to aggressive biological behaviour, a poor prognosis, and the propensity for metastatic spread.

Introduction: Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine cancer, with an increasing prevalence. The possibility of a malignant neoplasm is the primary concern in people with thyroid nodules. The presence of a plethora of variants complicates the diagnostic process. Cytokeratin 19 (CK19), found in normal thyroid follicular epithelium, is upregulated during neoplastic transformation, and CD56, a neural cell adhesion molecule, is downregulated in thyroid follicular cells. This study suggests the use of CK19 and CD56 in combination will help differentiate thyroid neoplasms. Materials and Methods: Total/hemithyroidectomy specimens received in the Department of Pathology, Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati Medical College and Hospital, Brahmapur, Odisha, India, suspected of malignancy, were processed for routine histopathological evaluation using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining using CK19 and CD56. The outcomes of each case were recorded and analyzed. Results: A total of 36 cases were evaluated, and the expression of CK19 was found to be 88% sensitive and 79% specific in differentiating malignant from benign thyroid neoplasms. The absence of CD56 expression was found to have 82% sensitivity and 74% specificity in detecting malignant thyroid neoplasms. The combined use of both markers has a sensitivity and specificity of 70.59% and 78.95%. Conclusion: The routine use of CK19 and CD56 by IHC will aid in distinguishing benign from malignant thyroid neoplasms.

Cysticercosis is a zoonotic disease. It is caused by the larval form of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium. This disease is a public health problem in a country like India, but its incidence is underestimated. With the advent of fine needle aspiration cytology with rapid on-site evaluation, early detection of this disease is possible, especially when the lesion is in anatomically approachable superficial locations. We had four cases of cysticercosis diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology with on-site evaluation using toluidine blue stain, followed by Giemsa and Papanicolaou stain. Our cases included three Hindu male patients of age 30 years, 23 years, 17 years and an 26 year old Hindu female. Fine needle aspiration cytology diagnosis of cysticercosis can be easily made provided the reporting cytologist is aware of the morphological criteria. Rapid on-site evaluation can further help in taking additional material and caution during staining process.

Carotid body tumors (CBTs) are paragangliomas which arise from the chief cells of the carotid body, usually located at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. A 45-year-old male presented with swelling over the right cervical region for 1 year. Based on location, FNA and radiologic investigations, the diagnosis of CBT was made; later, confirmed on histopathology. Although FNA is seldom suggested due to its location and possibility of severe bleeding complications for the diagnosis of CBT, it can however be detected incidentally. Our case, the diagnosis was incidental cytological diagnosis on rapid onsite staining.