Prasad Padmanabhan

The impacts of renewable energy adoption and environmental sustainability ratings on the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve and the pollution haven hypothesis are examined using annual balanced panel data from 64 middle and low-income countries and spanning the 2005–2014 period. We show that the GDP per capita/CO₂ emissions per capita relationship is an inverse S curve for the full sample of low and middle-income countries and for each subsample. The renewable energy/CO₂ emissions per capita relationship is an inverse N curve for the full and the middle-income samples, but a V curve for the low-income sample. The foreign direct investment net inflows/CO₂ emissions per capita relationship is an N curve for the full and the middle-income samples, and a positive relationship in the low-income subsample. High levels of government environmental sustainability ratings in low-income countries with relatively higher incomes can attract foreign direct investment net inflows while reducing pollution. In contrast, middle-income countries with high environmental sustainability ratings can attract foreign direct investment net inflows only if they allow small increases in pollution.

Today, firms are facing a globally competitive environment. Against this backdrop, firms can ill afford to make mistakes in their capital budgeting and acquisition decisions. When making major decisions, firms may be faced with additional costs associated with managerial anchoring. Using simulation results, it is shown that firms making off-shoring decisions can be better off using two or more managers when managerial anchoring can lead to significant cost increases. This paper shows the conditions under which management by committee can involve higher incremental costs, but are offset by decreased anchoring costs if managers anchor in different directions. It is also shown that firms cannot completely eliminate the impact of anchoring even if they hire an infinite number of managers. Firms should consider hiring additional managers in instances where major decisions are involved, if the incremental cost of hiring the additional manager is offset by decreased anchoring costs.