Hoe I. Ling

A series of lateral loading experiments were conducted for a model pipe buried in saturated sand to obtain the relationships between the lateral resistive force and lateral displacement of the pipe. The model pipe was pulled laterally by an actuator after the effective stress of the soil bed was controlled by the upward seepage induced by a hydraulic gradient. The experimental results showed that the lateral resistive force increased non-linearly with the lateral displacement of the pipe. The relationship between the ultimate resistive force and the hydraulic gradient was linear. The force–displacement relationships were well approximated by hyperbolic curves under each hydraulic gradient. The relationships between the coefficients of the hyperbolic curve and hydraulic gradient were also approximated nonlinearly as hyperbolic curves.