Liliya Khakimova

The decline in biodiversity and, as a consequence, in genetic resources of farm animals worldwide as a result of the growing anthropogenic impact is recognized as a global problem that requires an immediate solution. Therefore, the conservation of national gene pools of farm animals is of crucial importance. One of the most effective forms of conservation of genetic resources is the long-term deposit of animal biomaterials in specialized collections-biobanks. Global experience shows that the creation of such biobanks with materials accessible to scientists, breeders, and agricultural professionals, is of great scientific and applied importance. The article analyzes domestic and foreign sources over the last 10 years. The purpose of the review is to summarize current data on the development of biobanking of farm animals worldwide and in the Russian Federation. The current state of the problem of conservation of genetic resources of farm animals and approaches for its solution are considered, the main emphasis is on the conservation of materials in vitro. The paper describes the current state of collections of genetic resources of farm animals in the Russian Federation and the largest national gene banks in several countries. The need to expand work in the field of biobanking of farm animals is shown. In the future, biobank samples can be used both to preserve populations of small, rare animal breeds and to restore the genetic variability of commercial, actively bred breeds. With the development of omix technologies, biobanks of farm animals are becoming particularly important as sources of genetically diverse and specialized DNA that can be used to study gene functions and analyze genomic associations.

A search was carried out for phosphate-soluble rhizobacteria capable of growing in the presence of different concentrations of the herbicide glyphosate and nickel heavy metal ions (Ni2+). Using the Muromtsev medium, the phosphate-mobilizing activity was determined only in 3 out of 20 strains of Rhizobium spp. – with a low solubilization index (IS). On the contrary, all strains of Pseudomonas sp. showed a positive result, and the highest IS was in Pseudomonas sp. OBA 2.4.1 and GOR 4.17. The highest growth activity under stressful conditions was shown by 4 strains of Pseudomonas spp.: OBA 2.4.1, OBA 2.9, 4.17 and STA 3, their growth was noticeably inhibited with an increase in the concentration of glyphosate in the medium to 10.0 mg/ml. The growth activity of Rhizobium spp. strains was characterized as average. When growing on a medium with NiCl2, Pseudomonas strains sp. 65 HM and 67 HM grew to a concentration of 9 mM NiCl2 in the medium, at a concentration of 11 mM, strain 67 HM gave growth in the form of single colonies. These strains were isolated from soil samples taken from sites contaminated with chemical effluents. It is possible that nickel chlorides were already present in such soil in high concentrations exceeding the norm, that is why these strains had such high resistance to nickel ions. Thus, Rhizobium sp. strains did not have the most active PGPR properties, but different strains of Pseudomonas sp. showed high resistance to glyphosate and nickel chloride. Thus, Pseudomonas sp. they demostrated their high ability to adapt to stressful conditions. It is such PGPR bacteria (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizo bacteria) that can be considered as biological agents to increase the efficiency of bioremediation of agricultural soils.

Purpose. To study the vitreous microbiota in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) using a bacteriological method. Material and methods. The study included 48 patients (49 eyes) who were treated at the Ufa Research Institute of Eye Diseases, who were divided into 2 groups. The average age of the patients was 62.4±4.5 years. The number of women is 25 (52%), men – 23 (48%). Group 1 of the study included 28 patients (29 eyes) with DME, of which 20 patients (21 eyes) had a non-proliferative stage of diabetic retinopathy, and 8 patients had a proliferative stage. Group 2 (comparison group) consisted of 20 patients with fresh rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and through macular holes. In all patients, vitreous humor was collected in a volume of 400 μl under sterile operating room conditions. To determine the composition of the microbiota of the vitreous body, the classical culture method was used. Results. As a result of inoculating vitreous samples on nutrient media, growth of bacteria of the genus Bacillus (B. megaterium and B. pumilus) was detected in 2 patients from group 1, and growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus hominis was detected in another 1 patient. In patients of group 2 (control group), there was no bacterial growth on nutrient media in all cases. The low frequency of detection (in only 3 patients) of bacterial isolates in clinical material may be due to the peculiarities of cultivation and the need for special conditions for the growth of bacteria from the vitreous body. Conclusion. The identified microbiota in the group of patients with diabetic retinopathy and the presence of DME may indicate the nonsterility of the intraocular media and the presence of a certain composition of the microbiota, which, it is possible, plays a certain pathogenetic role in the development of macular edema. Key words: diabetes mellitus, diabetic macular edema, vitreous body, microbiota, bacteriological method

This article aims to review the literature regarding assessment of the gut microbiota effect on kidney stone formation. We sought to determine whether several specific gut bacteria or a wider number of members of the gut microbiota are responsible for this association based on the literature data. We conducted an extensive literature search (publications on kidney stones and gut microbiota dated 2013-2023) in PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Web of Science Core Collection.A large number of earlier studies were focused on physical and chemical properties of crystals formed by kidney stones. In recent years as diagnostic technologies advance, there has been a tendency to study the association of the gut microbiota and the development of other unrelated diseases. Studies have emerged showing the gut microbiota effect on the development of urolithiasis, which suggests that stone formation can be prevented or caused by changing the structure of the gut microbiome. However, further research is needed to identify which genera or types of the gut microbiota break down oxalate and reduce the risk of kidney stone formation.

The effect of the PGPB strain of bacteria Pseudomonas sp. was studied. OBA 2.4.1, resistant to NiCl2 (up to 3 mM), Pb(CH3COO)2 (up to 5 mM) and glyphosate (up to 8 mg/ml), on Pisum sativum L. plants at different concentrations of HMs and herbicide. It was found that the strain under study had a positive effect on the length of the roots of pea plant seedlings in the presence of HM, which indicates an increase in the plant’s resistance to stress caused by exposure to nickel and lead. However, this effect was not recorded in the experimental version with the addition of glyphosate, which confirmed its high toxicity. The results obtained indicate that the strain Pseudomonas sp. OBA 2.4.1 promoted the growth of Pisum sativum L. under stress exposure to nickel and lead, which can be used in the development of complex-action biological products intended both to protect agricultural plants from the effects of heavy metals and to reclaim contaminated soils.

The results of study of the effects of the Pseudomonas sp. OBA 2.4.1 PGPB strain resistant to NiCl₂ (up to 3 mM), Pb(CH₃COO)₂ (up to 5 mM), and glyphosate (up to 8 mg/mL) on Pisum sativum L. plants at different concentrations of the heavy metals and the herbicide are reported. It was found that this strain had a positive effect on the root length of pea seedlings in the presence of heavy metals indicating an increase in the plant resistance to nickel and lead stress. However, no such effect was observed in the experiment with glyphosate, which confirmed the high toxicity of this compound. The results obtained demonstrated that the Pseudomonas sp. OBA 2.4.1 strain promoted the growth of Pisum sativum L. under nickel and lead stress; these findings can further be used for the development of complex biopreparations intended both for the protection of agricultural plants from the effects of heavy metals and for remediation of contaminated soils.

In recent years, there has been an upward trend in the urolithiasis incidence worldwide and an increase in the recurrence of stone formation. Urolithiasis prevalence rates range from 1% to 20%. In some countries, there is an increase in rates up to 37%. Stones are classified into those caused by infections, non infectious causes, and genetic diseases. Alteration in urine microbiome plays a significant role in the infection stone formation. Our objective was to review the current literature on the role of bacteria in the formation of kidney concrements. The gained knowledge could be used to explore new possibilities and improve the understanding of stone formation. We analyzed articles on the composition of the urine microbiome and kidney stones.

Cadmium stress is a barrier to crop production, yield, quality, and sustainable agriculture. In the current study, we investigated the characteristics of bacterial strain Pseudomonas sp. OBA 2.4.1 under cadmium (CdCl₂) stress and its influence on Cd stresses in pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings. It was revealed that strain OBA 2.4.1 is tolerant of up to 2 mM CdCl₂, and seed treatment with the bacterium enhanced pea plant growth (length of seedlings) under 0.5 mM cadmium stress. This bacterial strain showed plant growth-promoting properties, including biofilm formation and siderophore activity. An important advantage of the studied strain OBA 2.4.1 is its ability to colonize the plant roots. Moreover, the inoculation with strain OBA 2.4.1 significantly reduced oxidative stress markers in pea seedlings under cadmium stress. These findings suggest that cadmium stress-tolerant strain OBA 2.4.1 could enhance pea plant growth by mitigating stress-caused damage, possibly providing a baseline and eco-friendly approach to address heavy metal stress for sustainable agriculture.

Binary biofertilizers consisting of a rhizobial strain specific to the plant Rhizobium leguminosarum and a strain-producer of the RapA1 adhesin protein, which enhances the adhesion of rhizobacteria to the plant roots, have been designed. A system consisting of highly productive bacteria strains and additional strains that enhance the action of the main component have been obtained.