Bianca Watzka
Current Organizations / Institutes
The organizations/institutes from the scholar's latest article
Previous Organizations / Institutes
The organizations / institutes from the scholar's other articles in the past ten years
Research Subjects
Bianca Watzka has a total of 38 co-authors. Here are the top co-authors by number of shared publications:
- Bernhard Ertl
Universität der Bundeswehr München
4 shared publications - Raimund Girwidz
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
4 shared publications - Andreas M. Menzel
Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg
2 shared publications - Günter K. Auernhammer
Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden
2 shared publications - Henning Reinken
Institut für Physik Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg Universitätsplatz 2 39106 Magdeburg Germany
2 shared publications - Karl A. Kalina
Institut für Festkörpermechanik, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
2 shared publications
Latest Publications
- Open Access
- 25 September 2026
- Published by Springer Nature in The European Physical Journal E
- Vol. 49 (10) , 90
Roadmap collaborative research on structured magnetic elastomers and their material behavior–bridging from fundamental and materials science to educational science
Magnetic elastomers, like magnetic fluids, consist of magnetizable particles in a carrier medium. In contrast to magnetic fluids, the carrier matrix is a soft elastic solid. Consequently, the particles are permanently held in place. Such positional fixation allows to use the structure of the spatial particle arrangement as a central degree of freedom to enhance the properties of the materials. Specifically, structural optimization can improve overall magnetostrictive and magnetorheological properties. Key questions concern the identification of optimized structures, their consequences on the overall material properties, and ways of transferring them into reality. Furthermore, to close the gap between pure fundamental and materials science on the one hand and education on the other hand, the contents are introduced into educational science and research. They provide a solid basis for context- and authenticity-based learning as well as related scientific investigations. We overview multiple challenges on this path, potential ways of solution, and we estimate further developments in the field. Clearly, this kind of challenge can only be addressed in an interdisciplinary and collaborative approach.
- 25 September 2026
- Published by Springer Nature in The European Physical Journal E
- Vol. 49 (10) , 90
Open AccessRoadmap collaborative research on structured magnetic elastomers and their material behavior–bridging from fundamental and materials science to educational science
Magnetic elastomers, like magnetic fluids, consist of magnetizable particles in a carrier medium. In contrast to magnetic fluids, the carrier matrix is a soft elastic solid. Consequently, the particles are permanently held in place. Such positional fixation allows to use the structure of the spatial particle arrangement as a central degree of freedom to enhance the properties of the materials. Specifically, structural optimization can improve overall magnetostrictive and magnetorheological properties. Key questions concern the identification of optimized structures, their consequences on the overall material properties, and ways of transferring them into reality. Furthermore, to close the gap between pure fundamental and materials science on the one hand and education on the other hand, the contents are introduced into educational science and research. They provide a solid basis for context- and authenticity-based learning as well as related scientific investigations. We overview multiple challenges on this path, potential ways of solution, and we estimate further developments in the field. Clearly, this kind of challenge can only be addressed in an interdisciplinary and collaborative approach.
- Open Access
- 5 August 2026
- Published by Wiley in ZAMM - Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics / Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik
- Vol. 106 (8) , e70524
Magnetic Elastomers—Coupling Magnetic and Mechanical Interactions
Magnetic elastomers couple magnetic interactions between enclosed magnetic microscopic particles to their overall shape and mechanical response. A genuine understanding links the underlying micro‐ and macroscopic scales. We overview a recent proof‐of‐concept approach that shows how analytical considerations and statistical simulations can outline a corresponding scale connection. Structural properties on the particle scale are linked to overall properties of a simple example system. Optimizing the particle arrangement within the elastomer can maximize the requested material response. Ongoing and future investigations serve to quantify more realistic systems and geometries, to understand processes of structure formation and particle aggregation on the microscopic scale during the production process, to elucidate means of generating desirable particle structures, and to understand and improve the process of disseminating the corresponding scientific results.
- 5 August 2026
- Published by Wiley in ZAMM - Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics / Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik
- Vol. 106 (8) , e70524
Open AccessMagnetic Elastomers—Coupling Magnetic and Mechanical Interactions
Magnetic elastomers couple magnetic interactions between enclosed magnetic microscopic particles to their overall shape and mechanical response. A genuine understanding links the underlying micro‐ and macroscopic scales. We overview a recent proof‐of‐concept approach that shows how analytical considerations and statistical simulations can outline a corresponding scale connection. Structural properties on the particle scale are linked to overall properties of a simple example system. Optimizing the particle arrangement within the elastomer can maximize the requested material response. Ongoing and future investigations serve to quantify more realistic systems and geometries, to understand processes of structure formation and particle aggregation on the microscopic scale during the production process, to elucidate means of generating desirable particle structures, and to understand and improve the process of disseminating the corresponding scientific results.
- Open Access
- 17 February 2026
- Published by Elsevier in Computers & Education: X Reality
- Vol. 8
Effects of annotations and quizzes in a classroom-based immersive virtual field trip
- 17 February 2026
- Published by Elsevier in Computers & Education: X Reality
- Vol. 8
Open AccessEffects of annotations and quizzes in a classroom-based immersive virtual field trip
- Open Access
- 19 January 2026
- Published by MDPI AG in Journal of Eye Movement Research
- Vol. 19 (1) , 10
Eye Movement Analysis: A Kernel Density Estimation Approach for Saccade Direction and Amplitude
Eye movements are important indicators of problem-solving or solution strategies and are recorded using eye-tracking technologies. As they reveal how viewers interact with presented information during task processing, their analysis is crucial for educational research. Traditional methods for analyzing saccades, such as histograms or polar diagrams, are limited in capturing patterns in direction and amplitude. To address this, we propose a kernel density estimation approach that explicitly accounts for the data structure: for the circular distribution of saccade direction, we use the von Mises kernel, and for saccade amplitude, a Gaussian kernel. This yields continuous probability distributions that not only improve accuracy of representations but also model the underlying distribution of eye movements. This method enables the identification of strategies used during task processing and reveals the connections to the underlying cognitive processes. It allows for a deeper understanding of information processing during learning. By applying our new method to an empirical dataset, we uncovered differences in solution strategies that conventional techniques could not reveal. The insights gained can contribute to the development of more effective teaching methods, better tailored to the individual needs of learners, thereby enhancing their academic success.
- 19 January 2026
- Published by MDPI AG in Journal of Eye Movement Research
- Vol. 19 (1) , 10
Open AccessEye Movement Analysis: A Kernel Density Estimation Approach for Saccade Direction and Amplitude
Eye movements are important indicators of problem-solving or solution strategies and are recorded using eye-tracking technologies. As they reveal how viewers interact with presented information during task processing, their analysis is crucial for educational research. Traditional methods for analyzing saccades, such as histograms or polar diagrams, are limited in capturing patterns in direction and amplitude. To address this, we propose a kernel density estimation approach that explicitly accounts for the data structure: for the circular distribution of saccade direction, we use the von Mises kernel, and for saccade amplitude, a Gaussian kernel. This yields continuous probability distributions that not only improve accuracy of representations but also model the underlying distribution of eye movements. This method enables the identification of strategies used during task processing and reveals the connections to the underlying cognitive processes. It allows for a deeper understanding of information processing during learning. By applying our new method to an empirical dataset, we uncovered differences in solution strategies that conventional techniques could not reveal. The insights gained can contribute to the development of more effective teaching methods, better tailored to the individual needs of learners, thereby enhancing their academic success.
- Open Access
- 23 September 2025
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review Physics Education Research
- Vol. 21 (2)
Gaze behavior as a key to revealing strategies for identifying indirectly proportional graphs in thermodynamic and mathematical context
The ability to accurately interpret mathematical functions is crucial for understanding complex physical and mathematical concepts. Differentiating isothermal from adiabatic change of state in p − V diagrams respectively graphs of indirectly proportional functions from graphs of power functions in x − y diagrams presents a common challenge for students. This study examines the gaze behavior of 80 10th-grade students to identify the processing strategies they use when distinguishing these graphs of functions in mathematical and thermodynamic contexts. The cluster analysis of the gaze data revealed two main strategies: focusing on the value pairs, often resulting in a higher number of correct responses, and focusing on the graph itself, often resulting in misunderstandings. Interviews indicated that students who relied on graph-focused strategies often followed intuitive and less effective approaches. These findings underscore the need for adaptive support measures to address individual learning challenges and improve students’ understanding of graphs of indirectly proportional functions. Beyond the specific focus on indirectly proportional and power functions, the methodology and results of this study offer a transferable framework for identifying learning difficulties across various function types and contexts, complementing existing research on students’ understanding of linear functions.
- 23 September 2025
- Published by American Physical Society (APS) in Physical Review Physics Education Research
- Vol. 21 (2)
Open AccessGaze behavior as a key to revealing strategies for identifying indirectly proportional graphs in thermodynamic and mathematical context
The ability to accurately interpret mathematical functions is crucial for understanding complex physical and mathematical concepts. Differentiating isothermal from adiabatic change of state in p − V diagrams respectively graphs of indirectly proportional functions from graphs of power functions in x − y diagrams presents a common challenge for students. This study examines the gaze behavior of 80 10th-grade students to identify the processing strategies they use when distinguishing these graphs of functions in mathematical and thermodynamic contexts. The cluster analysis of the gaze data revealed two main strategies: focusing on the value pairs, often resulting in a higher number of correct responses, and focusing on the graph itself, often resulting in misunderstandings. Interviews indicated that students who relied on graph-focused strategies often followed intuitive and less effective approaches. These findings underscore the need for adaptive support measures to address individual learning challenges and improve students’ understanding of graphs of indirectly proportional functions. Beyond the specific focus on indirectly proportional and power functions, the methodology and results of this study offer a transferable framework for identifying learning difficulties across various function types and contexts, complementing existing research on students’ understanding of linear functions.
- Open Access
- 22 November 2024
- Published by IOP Publishing in Physics Education
- Vol. 60 (1) , 015006
Wind as a context for Newton’s first and second law and force diagrams
Teachers commonly use examples that omit friction to teach Newton’s first and second law. Beyond the motion of planets, the flow of horizontal high-altitude winds along the isobars presents a real-world motion scenario with negligible friction. This natural phenomenon serves as an applicable context for the exploration of Newton’s first and second axioms and the vector addition of forces. This paper explores wind dynamics as a context that addresses force concepts, a relevant topic in high school physics. Here, we focus on forces affecting air parcels at high altitudes. For comparison, we also explain the wind at ground level (called surface wind), where friction plays an important role. We aim to elucidate the complexities of wind forces, offering a comprehensive understanding of how these forces interplay in real-world scenarios. Furthermore, we provide detailed examples of tasks for high school students to acquire an understanding of wind and aligning forces.
- 22 November 2024
- Published by IOP Publishing in Physics Education
- Vol. 60 (1) , 015006
Open AccessWind as a context for Newton’s first and second law and force diagrams
Teachers commonly use examples that omit friction to teach Newton’s first and second law. Beyond the motion of planets, the flow of horizontal high-altitude winds along the isobars presents a real-world motion scenario with negligible friction. This natural phenomenon serves as an applicable context for the exploration of Newton’s first and second axioms and the vector addition of forces. This paper explores wind dynamics as a context that addresses force concepts, a relevant topic in high school physics. Here, we focus on forces affecting air parcels at high altitudes. For comparison, we also explain the wind at ground level (called surface wind), where friction plays an important role. We aim to elucidate the complexities of wind forces, offering a comprehensive understanding of how these forces interplay in real-world scenarios. Furthermore, we provide detailed examples of tasks for high school students to acquire an understanding of wind and aligning forces.
- Open Access
- 1 August 2023
- Published by Hogrefe Publishing Group in Psychological Test Adaptation and Development
- Vol. 4 (1) , 246-256
Applying Cognitive Load Theory in Teacher Education
The study investigated the validation of a rating scale to measure cognitive load in science teacher education. The rating scale was used to measure three types of cognitive load in a new learning context with 81 undergraduate students enrolled in a science education program, randomly assigned to three experimental groups: problem-solving, example-based learning, and control groups. The preservice teachers' cognitive load was measured using a rating scale during an intervention to diagnose students' misconceptions in physics. The study also assessed the effect of instructional design on cognitive load. The results showed that the three types of cognitive load can be reliably measured in science teacher education and that instructional designs that create germane cognitive load contribute to the development of preservice teachers' diagnostic competencies. Conversely, designs that create irrelevant cognitive load are detrimental to this development. These findings suggest the importance of considering cognitive load in science teacher education for effective instructional design.
- 1 August 2023
- Published by Hogrefe Publishing Group in Psychological Test Adaptation and Development
- Vol. 4 (1) , 246-256
Open AccessApplying Cognitive Load Theory in Teacher Education
The study investigated the validation of a rating scale to measure cognitive load in science teacher education. The rating scale was used to measure three types of cognitive load in a new learning context with 81 undergraduate students enrolled in a science education program, randomly assigned to three experimental groups: problem-solving, example-based learning, and control groups. The preservice teachers' cognitive load was measured using a rating scale during an intervention to diagnose students' misconceptions in physics. The study also assessed the effect of instructional design on cognitive load. The results showed that the three types of cognitive load can be reliably measured in science teacher education and that instructional designs that create germane cognitive load contribute to the development of preservice teachers' diagnostic competencies. Conversely, designs that create irrelevant cognitive load are detrimental to this development. These findings suggest the importance of considering cognitive load in science teacher education for effective instructional design.
- 10 October 2022
- Published by Springer Nature in International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education
- Vol. 21 (5) , 1685-1702
Fostering Preservice Teachers’ Diagnostic Competence in Identifying Students’ Misconceptions in Physics
- 10 October 2022
- Published by Springer Nature in International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education
- Vol. 21 (5) , 1685-1702
Fostering Preservice Teachers’ Diagnostic Competence in Identifying Students’ Misconceptions in Physics
- Open Access
- 15 June 2021
- Published by Springer Nature in Unterrichtswissenschaft
- Vol. 49 (4) , 627-652
Wirkung visueller und auditiver Hinweise auf die visuelle Aufmerksamkeit und Lernergebnisse beim Einsatz physikalischer Lernvideos
Zusammenfassung: Lernende haben oft Schwierigkeiten, Informationen aus visuellen, dynamischen Lernmedien zu extrahieren. Daher werden diese häufig durch Hinweise ergänzt, welche die visuelle Aufmerksamkeit steuern und den Lernerfolg verbessern können.Bisher ist offen, wie gut der Lernerfolg beim Lernen mit Videos in Abhängigkeit von der Hinweismodalität vorhergesagt werden kann und welche Rolle dabei die visuelle Aufmerksamkeit spielt. Das Ziel dieser Studie ist, die Hinweismodalität zu variieren, um den Lernerfolg zu beeinflussen und dabei zu untersuchen, wie viel der so erzeugten Varianzen im Lernerfolg durch die visuelle Aufmerksamkeit erklärt werden können.Dazu wurden zwei Videos von Wirbelstromexperimenten erstellt und mit Hinweisen versehen, die entweder visuell als Kombination aus Textfeldern und Spotlights oder auditiv als gesprochener Text implementiert waren. 40 Lehramtsstudierende wurden zufällig der visuellen oder auditiven Bedingung zugeteilt. Ein Eye-Tracker zeichnete die Blickbewegungen auf. Die Vor- und Nachtestung erfolgte durch Fragebögen, die affektive und kognitive Lernfaktoren erfassten.Verglichen mit Textfeldern und Spotlights führten gesprochene Hinweise zu einer höheren visuellen Aufmerksamkeit und zu besseren Lernergebnissen. Allerdings förderten Textfelder und Spotlights die Anwendung der Fachsprache besser als gesprochene Hinweise. Bemerkenswert dabei ist, dass die visuelle Aufmerksamkeit bei den Lernergebnissen auf das durch den gesprochenen Hinweis adressierte Experiment und somit auf das Videomaterial bezogen war. Im Gegensatz dazu war beim Erwerb der Fachtermini die visuelle Aufmerksamkeit auf die Textfelder und somit auf die Hinweise ausschlaggebend.Aus den Ergebnissen lässt sich für die Gestaltung von Demonstrationsvideos ableiten, dass die Hinweismodalität auf die Lernziele abgestimmt werden sollte.
- 15 June 2021
- Published by Springer Nature in Unterrichtswissenschaft
- Vol. 49 (4) , 627-652
Open AccessWirkung visueller und auditiver Hinweise auf die visuelle Aufmerksamkeit und Lernergebnisse beim Einsatz physikalischer Lernvideos
Zusammenfassung: Lernende haben oft Schwierigkeiten, Informationen aus visuellen, dynamischen Lernmedien zu extrahieren. Daher werden diese häufig durch Hinweise ergänzt, welche die visuelle Aufmerksamkeit steuern und den Lernerfolg verbessern können.Bisher ist offen, wie gut der Lernerfolg beim Lernen mit Videos in Abhängigkeit von der Hinweismodalität vorhergesagt werden kann und welche Rolle dabei die visuelle Aufmerksamkeit spielt. Das Ziel dieser Studie ist, die Hinweismodalität zu variieren, um den Lernerfolg zu beeinflussen und dabei zu untersuchen, wie viel der so erzeugten Varianzen im Lernerfolg durch die visuelle Aufmerksamkeit erklärt werden können.Dazu wurden zwei Videos von Wirbelstromexperimenten erstellt und mit Hinweisen versehen, die entweder visuell als Kombination aus Textfeldern und Spotlights oder auditiv als gesprochener Text implementiert waren. 40 Lehramtsstudierende wurden zufällig der visuellen oder auditiven Bedingung zugeteilt. Ein Eye-Tracker zeichnete die Blickbewegungen auf. Die Vor- und Nachtestung erfolgte durch Fragebögen, die affektive und kognitive Lernfaktoren erfassten.Verglichen mit Textfeldern und Spotlights führten gesprochene Hinweise zu einer höheren visuellen Aufmerksamkeit und zu besseren Lernergebnissen. Allerdings förderten Textfelder und Spotlights die Anwendung der Fachsprache besser als gesprochene Hinweise. Bemerkenswert dabei ist, dass die visuelle Aufmerksamkeit bei den Lernergebnissen auf das durch den gesprochenen Hinweis adressierte Experiment und somit auf das Videomaterial bezogen war. Im Gegensatz dazu war beim Erwerb der Fachtermini die visuelle Aufmerksamkeit auf die Textfelder und somit auf die Hinweise ausschlaggebend.Aus den Ergebnissen lässt sich für die Gestaltung von Demonstrationsvideos ableiten, dass die Hinweismodalität auf die Lernziele abgestimmt werden sollte.
- Open Access
- 10 June 2021
- Published by Springer Nature in Zeitschrift für Didaktik der Naturwissenschaften
- Vol. 27 (1) , 109-125
Die Wirkung der Authentizität von Lernort und Laborgeräten auf das situationale Interesse und die Relevanzwahrnehmung beim Besuch eines naturwissenschaftlichen Schülerlabors
Zusammenfassung: Als besonderes Merkmal von Schülerlaboren, die u. a. das Interesse an Naturwissenschaften fördern sollen, wird häufig die Authentizität der Lernumgebung genannt. Allerdings besteht Klärungsbedarf, welche Gestaltungsaspekte von authentischen Lernsettings interesseförderlich wirken. Die Faktoren Authentizität des Lernorts und Echtheit der Laborgeräte standen daher bei der hier beschriebenen quasi-experimentellen Interventionsstudie im 2 × 2-faktoriellen Design im Vordergrund. Untersucht wurde die Wirkung dieser Faktoren auf das situationale Interesse sowie auf die subjektiv wahrgenommene inhaltliche Relevanz und die wahrgenommene Authentizität der Laborgeräte beim Besuch eines forschungsnahen, naturwissenschaftlichen Schülerlabors. Dazu wurde ein Workshop zur Infrarotfernerkundung entwickelt und mit insgesamt 166 Schüler*innen der zehnten Klasse an unterschiedlich authentischen Lernorten (Schülerlabor vs. Schule) durchgeführt. Kontrastierend kamen an beiden Orten echte High-End-Laborgeräte, die im Allgemeinen nur Forschungseinrichtungen zur Verfügung stehen, bzw. vereinfachte, für Schulen verfügbare, weniger authentische Low-Cost-Geräte zum Einsatz. Die Arbeit mit den echten Laborgeräten führte unabhängig vom Lernort zu einer stärkeren Authentizitätswahrnehmung. Die Wahrnehmung inhaltlicher Relevanz hingegen war unabhängig von den Laborgeräten und wurde am authentischen Lernort signifikant höher bewertet als in der Schule. Das situationale epistemische Interesse war in der Gruppe am größten ausgeprägt, die am authentischen Lernort mit echten Laborgeräten arbeiten konnte.
- 10 June 2021
- Published by Springer Nature in Zeitschrift für Didaktik der Naturwissenschaften
- Vol. 27 (1) , 109-125
Open AccessDie Wirkung der Authentizität von Lernort und Laborgeräten auf das situationale Interesse und die Relevanzwahrnehmung beim Besuch eines naturwissenschaftlichen Schülerlabors
Zusammenfassung: Als besonderes Merkmal von Schülerlaboren, die u. a. das Interesse an Naturwissenschaften fördern sollen, wird häufig die Authentizität der Lernumgebung genannt. Allerdings besteht Klärungsbedarf, welche Gestaltungsaspekte von authentischen Lernsettings interesseförderlich wirken. Die Faktoren Authentizität des Lernorts und Echtheit der Laborgeräte standen daher bei der hier beschriebenen quasi-experimentellen Interventionsstudie im 2 × 2-faktoriellen Design im Vordergrund. Untersucht wurde die Wirkung dieser Faktoren auf das situationale Interesse sowie auf die subjektiv wahrgenommene inhaltliche Relevanz und die wahrgenommene Authentizität der Laborgeräte beim Besuch eines forschungsnahen, naturwissenschaftlichen Schülerlabors. Dazu wurde ein Workshop zur Infrarotfernerkundung entwickelt und mit insgesamt 166 Schüler*innen der zehnten Klasse an unterschiedlich authentischen Lernorten (Schülerlabor vs. Schule) durchgeführt. Kontrastierend kamen an beiden Orten echte High-End-Laborgeräte, die im Allgemeinen nur Forschungseinrichtungen zur Verfügung stehen, bzw. vereinfachte, für Schulen verfügbare, weniger authentische Low-Cost-Geräte zum Einsatz. Die Arbeit mit den echten Laborgeräten führte unabhängig vom Lernort zu einer stärkeren Authentizitätswahrnehmung. Die Wahrnehmung inhaltlicher Relevanz hingegen war unabhängig von den Laborgeräten und wurde am authentischen Lernort signifikant höher bewertet als in der Schule. Das situationale epistemische Interesse war in der Gruppe am größten ausgeprägt, die am authentischen Lernort mit echten Laborgeräten arbeiten konnte.