Gorkem Aybars Balci

Ege University

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Ege University

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Sports Science

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Gorkem Aybars Balci has a total of 21 co-authors. Here are the top co-authors by number of shared publications:

Ozgur Ozkaya
Ege University
9 shared publications
Hakan As
Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ege University, Bornova, 35050, Izmir, Türkiye
6 shared publications
Muzaffer Colakoglu
Department of Coaching Education, Ege University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
4 shared publications
Refik Çabuk
Ondokuz Mayis Üniversitesi
3 shared publications
Mahdi Norouzi
Department of Exercise and Sports Sciences Faculty of Sports Sciences, Fenerbahçe University Istanbul Türkiye
2 shared publications
Tahsin Başaran
Department of Architecture, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
2 shared publications

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- 21 September 2026
- Published by Wiley in Dental Traumatology
Improving Dental Trauma Management in Sports: Impact of a ToothSOS ‐Aided Educational Intervention on Sports Sciences Students
by Sibel Acar, Aslı Aşık, Ramazan Aydınoğlu, Görkem Aybars Balcı, Gözde Kuş, Ece Eden
Background/Aim: Dental trauma is a common issue in sports; many sports participants have experienced dental injuries and sports sciences students are also involved in this at‐risk group. This study aims to investigate the knowledge levels of sports sciences students regarding trauma, evaluate the awareness and effectiveness of the ToothSOS application within this group, and discuss the broader implications for sports‐related trauma management. Methods: A total of 234 sports sciences' students were involved in the study and underwent a training session on the importance of dental trauma management and use of the ToothSOS application. A questionnaire was administered before this training (T0), immediately after downloading the application and training (T1), and 1‐month after the training (T2). The data were analyzed with Friedman test, Cochran's Q test and chi‐squared test using the SPSS Version 25.0. Result: The findings indicated that both post‐training accuracy scores were significantly higher than the pre‐training scores ( p < 0.001). While only 1.28% of participants were aware of the ToothSOS app at T0, within 1 month following the training, 21% of the participants utilized or recommended ToothSOS app for the immediate response to traumatic dental injuries and 57.26% of participants had shared the application with others even in the absence of a direct traumatic experience. The study demonstrated a statistically significant enhancement in confidence in responding to dental trauma ( p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study highlights the critical role of mobile applications like ToothSOS and professional training in dental trauma education and first aid preparedness of students involved in sports‐related fields, emphasizing their potential to improve professional competence and foster a culture of safety.
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- 21 September 2026
- Published by Wiley in Dental Traumatology
Improving Dental Trauma Management in Sports: Impact of a ToothSOS ‐Aided Educational Intervention on Sports Sciences Students
by Sibel Acar, Aslı Aşık, Ramazan Aydınoğlu, Görkem Aybars Balcı, Gözde Kuş, Ece Eden
Background/Aim: Dental trauma is a common issue in sports; many sports participants have experienced dental injuries and sports sciences students are also involved in this at‐risk group. This study aims to investigate the knowledge levels of sports sciences students regarding trauma, evaluate the awareness and effectiveness of the ToothSOS application within this group, and discuss the broader implications for sports‐related trauma management. Methods: A total of 234 sports sciences' students were involved in the study and underwent a training session on the importance of dental trauma management and use of the ToothSOS application. A questionnaire was administered before this training (T0), immediately after downloading the application and training (T1), and 1‐month after the training (T2). The data were analyzed with Friedman test, Cochran's Q test and chi‐squared test using the SPSS Version 25.0. Result: The findings indicated that both post‐training accuracy scores were significantly higher than the pre‐training scores ( p < 0.001). While only 1.28% of participants were aware of the ToothSOS app at T0, within 1 month following the training, 21% of the participants utilized or recommended ToothSOS app for the immediate response to traumatic dental injuries and 57.26% of participants had shared the application with others even in the absence of a direct traumatic experience. The study demonstrated a statistically significant enhancement in confidence in responding to dental trauma ( p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study highlights the critical role of mobile applications like ToothSOS and professional training in dental trauma education and first aid preparedness of students involved in sports‐related fields, emphasizing their potential to improve professional competence and foster a culture of safety.
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Cited by 3
- 18 July 2024
- Published by Springer Nature in European Journal of Applied Physiology
The highest work rate associated with a predominantly aerobic contribution coincides with the highest work rate at which VO2max can be attained
by Arda Peker, Hakan As, Erkutay Kaya, Gorkem Aybars Balci, Ozgur Ozkaya
Purpose: To estimate the highest power output at which predominant energy contribution is derived from the aerobic system (aerobic limit power: ALP) and to compare ALP with the upper boundary of the severe intensity exercise domain. Methods: Fifteen male individuals participated in this study. The upper boundary was estimated using i) linear relationship between time to achieve $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ $\dot{V}$ O_2max and time to task failure (P_UPPERBOUND), ii) hyperbolic relationships between time to achieve $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ $\dot{V}$ O_2max vs. power output, and time to task failure vs. power output (P_UPPERBOUND´), and iii) precalculated $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ $\dot{V}$ O_2max demand (I_HIGH). ALP was estimated by aerobic, lactic, and phospholytic energy contributions using $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ $\dot{V}$ O₂ response, blood [lactate] response, and fast component of recovery $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ $\dot{V}$ O₂ kinetics, respectively. Results: ALP was determined as the highest power output providing predominant aerobic contribution; however, anaerobic pathways became the predominant energy source when ALP was exceeded by 5% (ALP + 5%) (from 46 to 52%; p = 0.003; ES:0.69). The $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ $\dot{V}$ O₂ during exercise at ALP was not statistically different from $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ $\dot{V}$ O_2max (p > 0.05), but $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ $\dot{V}$ O_2max could not be attained at ALP + 5% (p < 0.01; ES:0.63). ALP was similar to P_UPPERBOUND and P_UPPERBOUND´ (383 vs. 379 and 384 W; p > 0.05). There was a close agreement between ALP and P_UPPERBOUND (r: 0.99; Bias: − 3 W; SEE: 6 W; TE: 8 W; LoA: − 17 to 10 W) and P_UPPERBOUND´ (r: 0.98; Bias: 1 W; SEE: 8 W; TE: 8 W; LoA: − 15 to 17 W). ALP, P_UPPERBOUND, and P_UPPERBOUND´ were greater than I_HIGH (339 ± 53 W; p < 0.001). Conclusion: ALP may provide a new perspective to intensity domain framework.
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- 18 July 2024
- Published by Springer Nature in European Journal of Applied Physiology
Open Access
The highest work rate associated with a predominantly aerobic contribution coincides with the highest work rate at which VO2max can be attained
by Arda Peker, Hakan As, Erkutay Kaya, Gorkem Aybars Balci, Ozgur Ozkaya
Purpose: To estimate the highest power output at which predominant energy contribution is derived from the aerobic system (aerobic limit power: ALP) and to compare ALP with the upper boundary of the severe intensity exercise domain. Methods: Fifteen male individuals participated in this study. The upper boundary was estimated using i) linear relationship between time to achieve $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ $\dot{V}$ O_2max and time to task failure (P_UPPERBOUND), ii) hyperbolic relationships between time to achieve $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ $\dot{V}$ O_2max vs. power output, and time to task failure vs. power output (P_UPPERBOUND´), and iii) precalculated $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ $\dot{V}$ O_2max demand (I_HIGH). ALP was estimated by aerobic, lactic, and phospholytic energy contributions using $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ $\dot{V}$ O₂ response, blood [lactate] response, and fast component of recovery $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ $\dot{V}$ O₂ kinetics, respectively. Results: ALP was determined as the highest power output providing predominant aerobic contribution; however, anaerobic pathways became the predominant energy source when ALP was exceeded by 5% (ALP + 5%) (from 46 to 52%; p = 0.003; ES:0.69). The $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ $\dot{V}$ O₂ during exercise at ALP was not statistically different from $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ $\dot{V}$ O_2max (p > 0.05), but $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ $\dot{V}$ O_2max could not be attained at ALP + 5% (p < 0.01; ES:0.63). ALP was similar to P_UPPERBOUND and P_UPPERBOUND´ (383 vs. 379 and 384 W; p > 0.05). There was a close agreement between ALP and P_UPPERBOUND (r: 0.99; Bias: − 3 W; SEE: 6 W; TE: 8 W; LoA: − 17 to 10 W) and P_UPPERBOUND´ (r: 0.98; Bias: 1 W; SEE: 8 W; TE: 8 W; LoA: − 15 to 17 W). ALP, P_UPPERBOUND, and P_UPPERBOUND´ were greater than I_HIGH (339 ± 53 W; p < 0.001). Conclusion: ALP may provide a new perspective to intensity domain framework.
Cited by 3
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Cited by 8
- 15 March 2024
- Published by Springer Nature in International Journal of Biometeorology
Estimation of Heat Production Rate using Thermal Data During Exercise in Indoor Environments: A Study of Heat Storage Rate in Male Athletes
by Gorkem Aybars Balci, Ali Berkay Avci, Muzaffer Colakoglu, Tahsin Basaran
The increasing preference for indoor exercise spaces highlights the relationship between indoor thermal environments and physiological responses, particularly concerning thermal comfort during physical activity. Determining the metabolic heat production rate during exercise is essential for optimizing the thermal comfort, well-being, and performance of individuals engaged in physical activities. This value can be determined during the activity using several methods, including direct calorimetry measurement, indirect calorimetry that uses analysis of respiratory gases, or approximations using collected data such as speed, body mass, and heart rate. The study aimed to calculate the metabolic heat production rate by infrared thermal evaluation (ITE) based on the body’s thermal balance approach and compare it with the values determined by indirect calorimetry (IC). Fourteen participants volunteered for the study, using a cycling ergometer in a controlled climatic chamber. After the familiarization sessions, maximal O₂ intake levels (VO_2max) were determined through maximal graded exercise tests. Subsequently, constant work rate exercise tests were performed at 60% of VO_2max for 20 min. The metabolic heat production rates were calculated by IC and ITE for each athlete individually. Respiratory gases were used to determine IC, while body skin and core temperatures, along with physical environmental data, were applied to calculate ITE using the human body thermal balance approximation of ASHRAE. According to the results, heat storage rates were misleading among the body’s heat transfer modes, particularly during the first 8 min of the exercise. ITE showed a moderate level of correlation with IC (r: 0.03–0.86) with a higher level of dispersion relative to the mean (CV%: 12–84%). Therefore, a new equation (ITE_new) for the heat storage rates was proposed using the experimental data from this study. The results showed that ITE_new provided more precise estimations for the entire exercise period (p > 0.05). Correlations between ITE_new and IC values were consistently strong throughout the exercise period (r: 0.62–0.85). It can be suggested that ITE_new values can predict IC during the constant work rate steady-state exercise.
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- 15 March 2024
- Published by Springer Nature in International Journal of Biometeorology
Estimation of Heat Production Rate using Thermal Data During Exercise in Indoor Environments: A Study of Heat Storage Rate in Male Athletes
by Gorkem Aybars Balci, Ali Berkay Avci, Muzaffer Colakoglu, Tahsin Basaran
The increasing preference for indoor exercise spaces highlights the relationship between indoor thermal environments and physiological responses, particularly concerning thermal comfort during physical activity. Determining the metabolic heat production rate during exercise is essential for optimizing the thermal comfort, well-being, and performance of individuals engaged in physical activities. This value can be determined during the activity using several methods, including direct calorimetry measurement, indirect calorimetry that uses analysis of respiratory gases, or approximations using collected data such as speed, body mass, and heart rate. The study aimed to calculate the metabolic heat production rate by infrared thermal evaluation (ITE) based on the body’s thermal balance approach and compare it with the values determined by indirect calorimetry (IC). Fourteen participants volunteered for the study, using a cycling ergometer in a controlled climatic chamber. After the familiarization sessions, maximal O₂ intake levels (VO_2max) were determined through maximal graded exercise tests. Subsequently, constant work rate exercise tests were performed at 60% of VO_2max for 20 min. The metabolic heat production rates were calculated by IC and ITE for each athlete individually. Respiratory gases were used to determine IC, while body skin and core temperatures, along with physical environmental data, were applied to calculate ITE using the human body thermal balance approximation of ASHRAE. According to the results, heat storage rates were misleading among the body’s heat transfer modes, particularly during the first 8 min of the exercise. ITE showed a moderate level of correlation with IC (r: 0.03–0.86) with a higher level of dispersion relative to the mean (CV%: 12–84%). Therefore, a new equation (ITE_new) for the heat storage rates was proposed using the experimental data from this study. The results showed that ITE_new provided more precise estimations for the entire exercise period (p > 0.05). Correlations between ITE_new and IC values were consistently strong throughout the exercise period (r: 0.62–0.85). It can be suggested that ITE_new values can predict IC during the constant work rate steady-state exercise.
Cited by 8
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Cited by 13
- 2 December 2023
- Published by Taylor & Francis in Journal of Sports Sciences
Different categories of VO ₂ kinetics in the ‘extreme’ exercise intensity domain
by Ozgur Ozkaya, Andrew M. Jones, Mark Burnley, Hakan As, Gorkem A. Balci
The aim of this study was to classify potential sub-zones within the extreme exercise domain. Eight well-trained male cyclists participated in this study. The upper boundary of the severe exercise domain (P_upper-bound) was estimated by constant-work-rate tests. Then three further extreme-work-rate tests were performed in discrete regions within the extreme domain: extreme-1) at a work-rate greater than the P_upper-bound providing an 80-110-s time to task failure; extreme-2) a 30-s maximal sprint; and extreme-3) a 4-s maximal sprint. Different functions were used to describe the behaviour of the $\dot{V} O_{2}$ kinetics over time. $\dot{V} O_{2}$ on-kinetics during extreme-1 exercise was best described by a single-exponential model (R² ≥ 0.97; SEE ≤ 0.10; p < 0.001), and recovery $\dot{V} O_{2}$ decreased immediately after the termination of exercise. In contrast, $\dot{V} O_{2}$ on-kinetics during extreme-2 exercise was best fitted by a linear function (R² ≥ 0.96; SEE ≤ 0.16; p < 0.001), and $\dot{V} O_{2}$ responses continued to increase during the first 10-20 s of recovery. During the extreme-3 exercise, $\dot{V} O_{2}$ could not be modelled due to inadequate data, and there was an M-shape recovery $\dot{V} O_{2}$ response with an exponential decay at the end. The $\dot{V} O_{2}$ response to exercise across the extreme exercise domain has distinct features and must therefore be characterised with different fitting strategies in order to describe the responses accurately.
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- 2 December 2023
- Published by Taylor & Francis in Journal of Sports Sciences
Different categories of VO ₂ kinetics in the ‘extreme’ exercise intensity domain
by Ozgur Ozkaya, Andrew M. Jones, Mark Burnley, Hakan As, Gorkem A. Balci
The aim of this study was to classify potential sub-zones within the extreme exercise domain. Eight well-trained male cyclists participated in this study. The upper boundary of the severe exercise domain (P_upper-bound) was estimated by constant-work-rate tests. Then three further extreme-work-rate tests were performed in discrete regions within the extreme domain: extreme-1) at a work-rate greater than the P_upper-bound providing an 80-110-s time to task failure; extreme-2) a 30-s maximal sprint; and extreme-3) a 4-s maximal sprint. Different functions were used to describe the behaviour of the $\dot{V} O_{2}$ kinetics over time. $\dot{V} O_{2}$ on-kinetics during extreme-1 exercise was best described by a single-exponential model (R² ≥ 0.97; SEE ≤ 0.10; p < 0.001), and recovery $\dot{V} O_{2}$ decreased immediately after the termination of exercise. In contrast, $\dot{V} O_{2}$ on-kinetics during extreme-2 exercise was best fitted by a linear function (R² ≥ 0.96; SEE ≤ 0.16; p < 0.001), and $\dot{V} O_{2}$ responses continued to increase during the first 10-20 s of recovery. During the extreme-3 exercise, $\dot{V} O_{2}$ could not be modelled due to inadequate data, and there was an M-shape recovery $\dot{V} O_{2}$ response with an exponential decay at the end. The $\dot{V} O_{2}$ response to exercise across the extreme exercise domain has distinct features and must therefore be characterised with different fitting strategies in order to describe the responses accurately.
Cited by 13
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- 31 October 2022
- Published by Hacettepe University in Spor Bilimleri Dergisi
Respiratory Threshold as A New Threshold Determination Method based on Respiratory Responses and It’s Success to Indicate Critical Power
by Hakan As, Görkem Aybars Balci, Engin Yildiztepe, Özgür Özkaya
Yeni bir solunumsal eşik türü olarak ortaya atılan respirasyon eşiği (RE) kademeli bir rampa testinde dakika ventilasyonu bölü ekspirasyon sonu CO2 kısmi basıncı (VE/PETCO2) değerindeki zamana bağlı değişimlerin analizine dayanır. Ancak RE tekniğinin yaygın olarak kullanılan önemli bir eşik belirleme yöntemi olan kritik gücü (KG) hangi düzeyde işaret edebildiğine odaklanan bir araştırma bulgusu rapor edilmemiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, RE tekniği kullanılarak elde edilen egzersiz şiddetinin, KG’yi hangi düzeyde karşılayabildiğini araştırmaktır. Çalışmaya iyi antrene on erkek bisiklet sporcusu katılmıştır. Sporcuların gaz değişim eşiği (GDE), solunumsal kompanzasyon noktası (SKN) ve RE düzeyleri kademeli rampa testleriyle belirlenmiştir. Bu testlerde GDE ve SKN düzeyleri, Innocor sistemi yoluyla VCO2-VO2 ve VE-VCO2 ilişkilerinde saptanan kırılmalar tespit edilerek değerlendirilmiştir. RE düzeyi SegReg paket programı kullanılarak VE/PETCO2-zaman ilişkisindeki en güçlü kırılma noktası tespit edilerek bulunmuştur. Sonrasında KG’yi hesaplamak için farklı günlerde sabit iş oranlarında testler uygulanmıştır. Tüm eşik göstergelerinin birbirleriyle ilişkilerinin sınanması için geçerlik analizleri yapılmıştır. Bulgular, RE (328±35,5 W; 4,23±0,39 L·dk−1) ile SKN (324±34,3 W; 4,21±0,45 L·dk−1) güç çıktıları ve her birine ait VO2 yanıtları arasında yüksek bir ilişki ve uyum olduğunu göstermiştir (p>0,05; t= 1,19; r>0,96; % tahmini standart hata <5). Ancak hem RE hem de SKN güç çıktıları KG'den (298±32 W) yaklaşık %10 daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0,001). Çalışmamız, iyi antrene bisikletçilerde VE/PETCO2-zaman ilişkisinde oluşan en güçlü kırılmanın çok büyük bir başarı ile SKN’yi gösterdiğini, fakat KG’yi doğrudan belirlemede başarısız olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.
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- 31 October 2022
- Published by Hacettepe University in Spor Bilimleri Dergisi
Respiratory Threshold as A New Threshold Determination Method based on Respiratory Responses and It’s Success to Indicate Critical Power
by Hakan As, Görkem Aybars Balci, Engin Yildiztepe, Özgür Özkaya
Yeni bir solunumsal eşik türü olarak ortaya atılan respirasyon eşiği (RE) kademeli bir rampa testinde dakika ventilasyonu bölü ekspirasyon sonu CO2 kısmi basıncı (VE/PETCO2) değerindeki zamana bağlı değişimlerin analizine dayanır. Ancak RE tekniğinin yaygın olarak kullanılan önemli bir eşik belirleme yöntemi olan kritik gücü (KG) hangi düzeyde işaret edebildiğine odaklanan bir araştırma bulgusu rapor edilmemiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, RE tekniği kullanılarak elde edilen egzersiz şiddetinin, KG’yi hangi düzeyde karşılayabildiğini araştırmaktır. Çalışmaya iyi antrene on erkek bisiklet sporcusu katılmıştır. Sporcuların gaz değişim eşiği (GDE), solunumsal kompanzasyon noktası (SKN) ve RE düzeyleri kademeli rampa testleriyle belirlenmiştir. Bu testlerde GDE ve SKN düzeyleri, Innocor sistemi yoluyla VCO2-VO2 ve VE-VCO2 ilişkilerinde saptanan kırılmalar tespit edilerek değerlendirilmiştir. RE düzeyi SegReg paket programı kullanılarak VE/PETCO2-zaman ilişkisindeki en güçlü kırılma noktası tespit edilerek bulunmuştur. Sonrasında KG’yi hesaplamak için farklı günlerde sabit iş oranlarında testler uygulanmıştır. Tüm eşik göstergelerinin birbirleriyle ilişkilerinin sınanması için geçerlik analizleri yapılmıştır. Bulgular, RE (328±35,5 W; 4,23±0,39 L·dk−1) ile SKN (324±34,3 W; 4,21±0,45 L·dk−1) güç çıktıları ve her birine ait VO2 yanıtları arasında yüksek bir ilişki ve uyum olduğunu göstermiştir (p>0,05; t= 1,19; r>0,96; % tahmini standart hata <5). Ancak hem RE hem de SKN güç çıktıları KG'den (298±32 W) yaklaşık %10 daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0,001). Çalışmamız, iyi antrene bisikletçilerde VE/PETCO2-zaman ilişkisinde oluşan en güçlü kırılmanın çok büyük bir başarı ile SKN’yi gösterdiğini, fakat KG’yi doğrudan belirlemede başarısız olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.
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Cited by 11
- 23 September 2022
- Published by Taylor & Francis in Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport
Assessing Acute Responses to Exercises Performed Within and at the Upper Boundary of Severe Exercise Domain
by Mahdi Norouzi, Refik Cabuk, Gorkem Aybars Balci, Hakan As, Ozgur Ozkaya
Purpose: The highest work-rate that provides maximal oxygen uptake ( $\dot{V} O_{2 m a x}$ ) may be one of the best exercise stimuli to yield both $\dot{V} {O_{2}}_{m a x}$ and lactate accumulation. The aim of this study was to analyze physiological and metabolic acute responses of an exercise modality performed at the upper boundary of the severe exercise domain, and compare those responses with exercise modalities applied within the severe exercise domain. Method: Ten trained male cyclists participated in this study. The $\dot{V} O_{2 m a x}$ , corresponding power output (PO_VO2max), and the highest work-rate that provides the $\dot{V} O_{2 m a x}$ (I_HIGH) were determined by constant work-rate exercises. Cyclists performed three high-intensity interval training (HIIT) strategies as follows; HIIT-1: 4–6 × 3-min at 95% of PO_VO2max with 1:1 (workout/rest ratio); HIIT-2: 16–18 × 1-min at 105% of PO_VO2max with 1:1; HIIT-3: 4–7 × 1-2-min at the I_HIGH with 1:2. Capillary blood samples were analyzed before, immediately after HIIT sessions, and at the first, third, and fifth minutes of recovery periods. Lactate difference between the highest lactate response and resting status was considered as the peak lactate response for each HIIT modality. Results: Time spent at $\dot{V} O_{2 m a x}$ was greater at HIIT-1 and HIIT-3 (272 ± 127 and 208 ± 111 seconds, respectively; p = 0.155; effect size = 0.43) when compared to the HIIT-2 (~26 seconds; p < 0.001), while there was a greater lactate accumulation at HIIT-3 (~16 mmol·L⁻¹) when compared to HIIT-1 and HIIT-2 (12 and 14 mmol·L⁻¹, respectively; p < 0.001). Conclusions: In conclusion, HIIT-3 performed at I_HIGH was successful to provide time spent at $\dot{V} O_{2 m a x}$ with a greater lactate accumulation in a single session.
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- 23 September 2022
- Published by Taylor & Francis in Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport
Assessing Acute Responses to Exercises Performed Within and at the Upper Boundary of Severe Exercise Domain
by Mahdi Norouzi, Refik Cabuk, Gorkem Aybars Balci, Hakan As, Ozgur Ozkaya
Purpose: The highest work-rate that provides maximal oxygen uptake ( $\dot{V} O_{2 m a x}$ ) may be one of the best exercise stimuli to yield both $\dot{V} {O_{2}}_{m a x}$ and lactate accumulation. The aim of this study was to analyze physiological and metabolic acute responses of an exercise modality performed at the upper boundary of the severe exercise domain, and compare those responses with exercise modalities applied within the severe exercise domain. Method: Ten trained male cyclists participated in this study. The $\dot{V} O_{2 m a x}$ , corresponding power output (PO_VO2max), and the highest work-rate that provides the $\dot{V} O_{2 m a x}$ (I_HIGH) were determined by constant work-rate exercises. Cyclists performed three high-intensity interval training (HIIT) strategies as follows; HIIT-1: 4–6 × 3-min at 95% of PO_VO2max with 1:1 (workout/rest ratio); HIIT-2: 16–18 × 1-min at 105% of PO_VO2max with 1:1; HIIT-3: 4–7 × 1-2-min at the I_HIGH with 1:2. Capillary blood samples were analyzed before, immediately after HIIT sessions, and at the first, third, and fifth minutes of recovery periods. Lactate difference between the highest lactate response and resting status was considered as the peak lactate response for each HIIT modality. Results: Time spent at $\dot{V} O_{2 m a x}$ was greater at HIIT-1 and HIIT-3 (272 ± 127 and 208 ± 111 seconds, respectively; p = 0.155; effect size = 0.43) when compared to the HIIT-2 (~26 seconds; p < 0.001), while there was a greater lactate accumulation at HIIT-3 (~16 mmol·L⁻¹) when compared to HIIT-1 and HIIT-2 (12 and 14 mmol·L⁻¹, respectively; p < 0.001). Conclusions: In conclusion, HIIT-3 performed at I_HIGH was successful to provide time spent at $\dot{V} O_{2 m a x}$ with a greater lactate accumulation in a single session.
Cited by 11
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Cited by 2
- 27 September 2021
- Published by Hacettepe University in Spor Bilimleri Dergisi
Farklı Tükenme Aralıkları ve Matematiksel Model Kullanımının Kritik Güç Tahminlerine Etkisi
by Mahdi Norouzi, Refik Çabuk, Görkem Aybars Balci, Hakan As, Özgür Özkaya
Tahmin edilen kritik güç (KG) düzeyi, tercih edilen matematiksel model ve farklı tükenme zaman aralıklarına bağlı olarak %5-20 oranında farklılaşır. Bu oranlarda farklılaşan tahminler, KG ile ilişkili bir takım çelişkili sonuçlar yaratır. Bu çalışmanın amacı üç farklı tükenme aralığı (kısa: 2-10 dakika; orta: 2-15 dakika; uzun: 2-20 dakika) kullanılarak, her bir aralık için beş farklı matematiksel model (doğrusal toplam iş (KG1), doğrusal 1/zaman (KG2), doğrusal olmayan 2-parametreli (KG3), doğrusal olmayan 3-parametreli (KG4), ve üstel (KG5)), yoluyla elde edilen KG tahminlerinden hangisi ya da hangilerinin maksimal laktat dengesi (MLD), ventilasyon eşiği (VE), solunumsal kompanzasyon noktası (SKN) ve/veya kritik eşikle (KE) ilişkili olduğunu değerlendirmektir. Çalışmaya 10 iyi antrene erkek bisiklet sporcusu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Sporcuların VE ve SKN düzeyleri kademeli rampa testleriyle belirlenmiştir. Maksimal oksijen kullanımı, zirve güç çıktısı, MLD, KE ve KG’yi hesaplamak için farklı günlerde sabit iş oranlarında testler uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler geçerlilik analizleri ile sınanmıştır. Kullanılan matematiksel model ve tükenme aralıkları değiştikçe elde edilen KG düzeyleri %20’ye kadar farklılaşmıştır. KG4 dışındaki diğer KG düzeyleri MLD ve VE’ye karşılık gelen iş oranlarından daha yüksektir (p0,05; tahmini standart hata ~%4 ve r>0,95). Tercih edilen tükenme aralığı fark etmeksizin diğer matematiksel modellerden elde edilen KG’ler herhangi bir anaerobik eşik indeksini tahmin etmede yetersizdir (p<0,05). Sonuç olarak, yalnızca kısa tükenme aralığıyla belirlenen KG5 düzeyinin, KE ve SKN iş oranlarını tahmin etmede kullanılabileceği gösterilmiştir. Diğer eşik indekslerinin KG yoluyla tahmin edilmesi uygun değildir.
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- 27 September 2021
- Published by Hacettepe University in Spor Bilimleri Dergisi
Farklı Tükenme Aralıkları ve Matematiksel Model Kullanımının Kritik Güç Tahminlerine Etkisi
by Mahdi Norouzi, Refik Çabuk, Görkem Aybars Balci, Hakan As, Özgür Özkaya
Tahmin edilen kritik güç (KG) düzeyi, tercih edilen matematiksel model ve farklı tükenme zaman aralıklarına bağlı olarak %5-20 oranında farklılaşır. Bu oranlarda farklılaşan tahminler, KG ile ilişkili bir takım çelişkili sonuçlar yaratır. Bu çalışmanın amacı üç farklı tükenme aralığı (kısa: 2-10 dakika; orta: 2-15 dakika; uzun: 2-20 dakika) kullanılarak, her bir aralık için beş farklı matematiksel model (doğrusal toplam iş (KG1), doğrusal 1/zaman (KG2), doğrusal olmayan 2-parametreli (KG3), doğrusal olmayan 3-parametreli (KG4), ve üstel (KG5)), yoluyla elde edilen KG tahminlerinden hangisi ya da hangilerinin maksimal laktat dengesi (MLD), ventilasyon eşiği (VE), solunumsal kompanzasyon noktası (SKN) ve/veya kritik eşikle (KE) ilişkili olduğunu değerlendirmektir. Çalışmaya 10 iyi antrene erkek bisiklet sporcusu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Sporcuların VE ve SKN düzeyleri kademeli rampa testleriyle belirlenmiştir. Maksimal oksijen kullanımı, zirve güç çıktısı, MLD, KE ve KG’yi hesaplamak için farklı günlerde sabit iş oranlarında testler uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler geçerlilik analizleri ile sınanmıştır. Kullanılan matematiksel model ve tükenme aralıkları değiştikçe elde edilen KG düzeyleri %20’ye kadar farklılaşmıştır. KG4 dışındaki diğer KG düzeyleri MLD ve VE’ye karşılık gelen iş oranlarından daha yüksektir (p0,05; tahmini standart hata ~%4 ve r>0,95). Tercih edilen tükenme aralığı fark etmeksizin diğer matematiksel modellerden elde edilen KG’ler herhangi bir anaerobik eşik indeksini tahmin etmede yetersizdir (p<0,05). Sonuç olarak, yalnızca kısa tükenme aralığıyla belirlenen KG5 düzeyinin, KE ve SKN iş oranlarını tahmin etmede kullanılabileceği gösterilmiştir. Diğer eşik indekslerinin KG yoluyla tahmin edilmesi uygun değildir.
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- 7 January 2020
- Published by Hacettepe University in Spor Bilimleri Dergisi
Tek Bir Seansta Zirve Oksijen Kullanım Düzeyini Veren En Yüksek Güç Çıktısını Tahmin Etmenin Basit Bir Yöntemi
by Özgür Özkaya, Görkem Aybars Balci, Hakan As, Refik Çabuk, Mahdi Norouzi̇
Zirve O2 tüketim düzeyi ( VO2pik) veren en yüksek güç çıktısı (aerobik limit güç; ALG) şiddetli ve aşırı egzersiz alanlarını ayıran önemli bir eşiktir ve sporcularda bireysel bir ALG belirleyebilmek için çok sayıda sabit yüklü tüketici test yapmak gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; sporcuların ALG’lerini tek bir seansta belirleyebilecek bir yaklaşım önermektir. Araştırmaya iyi antrene 12 bisiklet sporcusu katılmıştır ( VO2maks64,7±4,2 mL∙dk-1∙kg-1; Zirve Güç (ZG): 374,1±65,7 W).VO2pik düzeyinin belirlenmesi için lineer yük artışlı (ramp) testler uygulatılmıştır (+1 W·2 s-1) ve protokollerin sonunda ulaşılan final güç üretim değerleri (FG) ortalama yanıt zamanı (mean response time: MRT) düzeltmesi uygulanmadan (FGMRT) ve uygulanarak (FGMRT) değerlendirilmiştir. Sporcuların VO2maks’ı ve bu değeri veren ZG değerleri, doğrulama testleri uygulanarak bulunmuştur. Devamında sporcuların ALG (VO2maks’a %5’ten daha yakın VO2 değeri veren en yüksek güç çıktısı) değerleri, 15 W’lık intervallerle bitkinlikle sonlanan sabit yüklü testler yoluyla ayrı günlerde taranmıştır. FGMRT ile ALG değerleri arasındaki fark anlamlı değildir (FGMRT: 435,2±50,8; ALG: 435,4±62,5 W, p=0,968). Bland-Altman sonuçları yüksek uyum göstermiştir (Bias=0,20±17,6 W; p=0,968). FGMRT, gerçek ZG’nin %117,5±8,8’ine karşılık gelirken, belirlenen ALG değeri ZG’nin %117,1±7,37’sine karşılık gelmiştir (p=0,759). Diğer yandan ramp testinden elde edilen en yüksek 15-s VO2 ortalamaları da ALG yükündeki VO2 yanıtlarıyla benzerdir ( Ramp Test: 62,3±4,9 ml∙dk-1∙kg-1, %96,2; ALG: 61,5±4,3 ml∙dk-1∙kg-1, %95; p=0,119 ). Sonuç olarak, ALG’yi belirleyebilmek için ayrı günlerde çok sayıda bitkinlikle sonlanan test yapmak yerine, tek seansta bir ramp test uygulamasının VO2maks’ı düşük tahmin ettiği ancak ALG’yi ve bu değere karşılık gelen VO2 yanıtını belirleyebilmenin oldukça pratik bir yöntemi olabileceği bulunmuştur.
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- 7 January 2020
- Published by Hacettepe University in Spor Bilimleri Dergisi
Open Access
Tek Bir Seansta Zirve Oksijen Kullanım Düzeyini Veren En Yüksek Güç Çıktısını Tahmin Etmenin Basit Bir Yöntemi
by Özgür Özkaya, Görkem Aybars Balci, Hakan As, Refik Çabuk, Mahdi Norouzi̇
Zirve O2 tüketim düzeyi ( VO2pik) veren en yüksek güç çıktısı (aerobik limit güç; ALG) şiddetli ve aşırı egzersiz alanlarını ayıran önemli bir eşiktir ve sporcularda bireysel bir ALG belirleyebilmek için çok sayıda sabit yüklü tüketici test yapmak gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; sporcuların ALG’lerini tek bir seansta belirleyebilecek bir yaklaşım önermektir. Araştırmaya iyi antrene 12 bisiklet sporcusu katılmıştır ( VO2maks64,7±4,2 mL∙dk-1∙kg-1; Zirve Güç (ZG): 374,1±65,7 W).VO2pik düzeyinin belirlenmesi için lineer yük artışlı (ramp) testler uygulatılmıştır (+1 W·2 s-1) ve protokollerin sonunda ulaşılan final güç üretim değerleri (FG) ortalama yanıt zamanı (mean response time: MRT) düzeltmesi uygulanmadan (FGMRT) ve uygulanarak (FGMRT) değerlendirilmiştir. Sporcuların VO2maks’ı ve bu değeri veren ZG değerleri, doğrulama testleri uygulanarak bulunmuştur. Devamında sporcuların ALG (VO2maks’a %5’ten daha yakın VO2 değeri veren en yüksek güç çıktısı) değerleri, 15 W’lık intervallerle bitkinlikle sonlanan sabit yüklü testler yoluyla ayrı günlerde taranmıştır. FGMRT ile ALG değerleri arasındaki fark anlamlı değildir (FGMRT: 435,2±50,8; ALG: 435,4±62,5 W, p=0,968). Bland-Altman sonuçları yüksek uyum göstermiştir (Bias=0,20±17,6 W; p=0,968). FGMRT, gerçek ZG’nin %117,5±8,8’ine karşılık gelirken, belirlenen ALG değeri ZG’nin %117,1±7,37’sine karşılık gelmiştir (p=0,759). Diğer yandan ramp testinden elde edilen en yüksek 15-s VO2 ortalamaları da ALG yükündeki VO2 yanıtlarıyla benzerdir ( Ramp Test: 62,3±4,9 ml∙dk-1∙kg-1, %96,2; ALG: 61,5±4,3 ml∙dk-1∙kg-1, %95; p=0,119 ). Sonuç olarak, ALG’yi belirleyebilmek için ayrı günlerde çok sayıda bitkinlikle sonlanan test yapmak yerine, tek seansta bir ramp test uygulamasının VO2maks’ı düşük tahmin ettiği ancak ALG’yi ve bu değere karşılık gelen VO2 yanıtını belirleyebilmenin oldukça pratik bir yöntemi olabileceği bulunmuştur.
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- 15 September 2018
- Published by MDPI AG in Sports
Moderate Intensity Intermittent Exercise Modality May Prevent Cardiovascular Drift
by Muzaffer Colakoglu, Ozgur Ozkaya, Gorkem Aybars Balci
Cardiovascular drift (CV-Drift) may occur after the ~10th min of submaximal continuous exercising. The purpose of this study was to examine whether CV-Drift is prevented by an intermittent exercise modality, instead of a continuous exercise. Seven well-trained male cyclists volunteered to take part in the study ( $\dot{V}$ O_2max: 61.7 ± 6.13 mL·min⁻¹·kg⁻¹). Following familiarization sessions, athletes’ individual maximal O₂ consumption ( $\dot{V}$ O_2max), maximum stroke volume responses (SV_max), and cardiac outputs (Qc) were evaluated by a nitrous-oxide re-breathing system and its gas analyzer. Then, continuous exercises were performed 30 min at cyclists’ 60% $\dot{V}$ O_2max, while intermittent exercises consisted of three 10 min with 1:0.5 workout/recovery ratios at the same intensity. Qc measurements were taken at the 5th, 9th, 12nd, 15th, 20th, 25th, and 30th min of continuous exercises versus 5th and 10th min of workout phases of intermittent exercise modality. Greater than a 5% SV decrement, with accompanying HR, increase, while Qc remained stable and was accepted as CV-Drift criterion. It was demonstrated that there were greater SV responses throughout intermittent exercises when compared to continuous exercises (138.9 ± 17.9 vs. 144.5 ± 14.6 mL, respectively; p ≤ 0.05) and less HR responses (140.1 ± 14.8 vs. 135.2 ± 11.6 bpm, respectively; p ≤ 0.05), while mean Qc responses were similar (19.4 ± 2.1 vs. 19.4 ± 1.5 L, respectively; p > 0.05). Moreover, the mean times spent at peak SV scores of exercise sessions were greater during intermittent exercise (1.5 vs. 10 min) (p < 0.001). In conclusion, intermittent exercises reduce CV-Drift risk and increases cardiac adaptation potentials of exercises with less physiological stress.
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- 15 September 2018
- Published by MDPI AG in Sports
Open Access
Moderate Intensity Intermittent Exercise Modality May Prevent Cardiovascular Drift
by Muzaffer Colakoglu, Ozgur Ozkaya, Gorkem Aybars Balci
Cardiovascular drift (CV-Drift) may occur after the ~10th min of submaximal continuous exercising. The purpose of this study was to examine whether CV-Drift is prevented by an intermittent exercise modality, instead of a continuous exercise. Seven well-trained male cyclists volunteered to take part in the study ( $\dot{V}$ O_2max: 61.7 ± 6.13 mL·min⁻¹·kg⁻¹). Following familiarization sessions, athletes’ individual maximal O₂ consumption ( $\dot{V}$ O_2max), maximum stroke volume responses (SV_max), and cardiac outputs (Qc) were evaluated by a nitrous-oxide re-breathing system and its gas analyzer. Then, continuous exercises were performed 30 min at cyclists’ 60% $\dot{V}$ O_2max, while intermittent exercises consisted of three 10 min with 1:0.5 workout/recovery ratios at the same intensity. Qc measurements were taken at the 5th, 9th, 12nd, 15th, 20th, 25th, and 30th min of continuous exercises versus 5th and 10th min of workout phases of intermittent exercise modality. Greater than a 5% SV decrement, with accompanying HR, increase, while Qc remained stable and was accepted as CV-Drift criterion. It was demonstrated that there were greater SV responses throughout intermittent exercises when compared to continuous exercises (138.9 ± 17.9 vs. 144.5 ± 14.6 mL, respectively; p ≤ 0.05) and less HR responses (140.1 ± 14.8 vs. 135.2 ± 11.6 bpm, respectively; p ≤ 0.05), while mean Qc responses were similar (19.4 ± 2.1 vs. 19.4 ± 1.5 L, respectively; p > 0.05). Moreover, the mean times spent at peak SV scores of exercise sessions were greater during intermittent exercise (1.5 vs. 10 min) (p < 0.001). In conclusion, intermittent exercises reduce CV-Drift risk and increases cardiac adaptation potentials of exercises with less physiological stress.
Cited by 2
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Cited by 23
- 7 April 2018
- Published by MDPI AG in Sports
The Test-Retest Reliability of New Generation Power Indices of Wingate All-Out Test
by Ozgur Ozkaya, Gorkem Aybars Balci, Hakan As, Emre Vardarli
Although reliability correlations of traditional power indices of the Wingate test have been well documented, no study has analyzed new generation power indices based on milliseconds obtained from a Peak Bike. The purpose of this study was to investigate the retest reliability of new generation power indices. Thirty-two well-trained male athletes who were specialized in basketball, football, tennis, or track and field volunteered to take part in the study (age: 24.3 ± 2.2 years; body mass: 77 ± 8.3 kg; height: 180.3 ± 6.3 cm). Participants performed two Wingate all-out sessions on two separate days. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error measurement (SEM), smallest real differences (SRD) and coefficient of variation (CV) scores were analyzed based on the test and retest data. Reliability results of traditional power indices calculated based on 5-s means such as peak power, average power, power drop, and fatigue index ratio were similar with the previous findings in literature (ICC ≥ 0.94; CV ≤ 2.8%; SEM ≤ 12.28; SRD% ≤ 7.7%). New generation power indices such as peak power, average power, lowest power, power drop, fatigue index, power decline, maximum speed as rpm, and amount of total energy expenditure demonstrated high reliability (ICC ≥ 0.94; CV ≤ 4.3%; SEM ≤ 10.36; SRD% ≤ 8.8%). Time to peak power, time at maximum speed, and power at maximum speed showed a moderate level of reliability (ICC ≥ 0.73; CV ≤ 8.9%; SEM ≤ 63.01; SRD% ≤ 22.4%). The results of this study indicate that reliability correlations and SRD% of new generation power and fatigue-related indices are similar with traditional 5-s means. However, new time-related indices are very sensitive and moderately reliable.
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- 7 April 2018
- Published by MDPI AG in Sports
Open Access
The Test-Retest Reliability of New Generation Power Indices of Wingate All-Out Test
by Ozgur Ozkaya, Gorkem Aybars Balci, Hakan As, Emre Vardarli
Although reliability correlations of traditional power indices of the Wingate test have been well documented, no study has analyzed new generation power indices based on milliseconds obtained from a Peak Bike. The purpose of this study was to investigate the retest reliability of new generation power indices. Thirty-two well-trained male athletes who were specialized in basketball, football, tennis, or track and field volunteered to take part in the study (age: 24.3 ± 2.2 years; body mass: 77 ± 8.3 kg; height: 180.3 ± 6.3 cm). Participants performed two Wingate all-out sessions on two separate days. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error measurement (SEM), smallest real differences (SRD) and coefficient of variation (CV) scores were analyzed based on the test and retest data. Reliability results of traditional power indices calculated based on 5-s means such as peak power, average power, power drop, and fatigue index ratio were similar with the previous findings in literature (ICC ≥ 0.94; CV ≤ 2.8%; SEM ≤ 12.28; SRD% ≤ 7.7%). New generation power indices such as peak power, average power, lowest power, power drop, fatigue index, power decline, maximum speed as rpm, and amount of total energy expenditure demonstrated high reliability (ICC ≥ 0.94; CV ≤ 4.3%; SEM ≤ 10.36; SRD% ≤ 8.8%). Time to peak power, time at maximum speed, and power at maximum speed showed a moderate level of reliability (ICC ≥ 0.73; CV ≤ 8.9%; SEM ≤ 63.01; SRD% ≤ 22.4%). The results of this study indicate that reliability correlations and SRD% of new generation power and fatigue-related indices are similar with traditional 5-s means. However, new time-related indices are very sensitive and moderately reliable.
Cited by 23

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