Mohammed Kamrul Hossain

New Schiff base ligands synthesis from β-lactam antibiotics are promising as novel bioactive compounds with potential antimicrobial effects. Synthesis and characterization of the Schiff base Benzalcefpodoxime (BCf) were carried out using cefpodoxime. The methods included condensation reaction, recrystallization, TLC, physical-chemical tests. Spectroscopy techniques such as UV-vis, FT-IR and NMR. The antibacterial activity of the compound was tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Molecular docking is a useful technique, in structure-based drug design. This study was investigated by using the online web tools. Docking software WebMO, PDB, AutoDock Vina, PyRx, PyMol, Discovery Studio, etc. were used to procedure for obtaining the binding energy and identifying the ligand–protein interactions. Here, from the docking of SB ligand BCf with 2F00 of Escherichia coli, the binding affinity was discovered. The molecular docking analysis showed that the studied ligand had a binding affinity of −8.6 kcal/mol in binding mode 0 indicating very strong binding. From the tests and the docking studies benzalcefpodoxime appears to be a good candidate for treating patients who suffer from common bacterial infections such, as E. coli.

Among cardiovascular diseases, myocardial infarction (MI) has become one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and the prevalence is anticipated to rise considerably in the coming years. Within non-surgical procedures, chemical drugs, including diuretics, vasodilators, calcium channel blockers, ꞵ blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, are now a well-established option to treat MI progression. However, these drugs are not developed to mitigate oxidative stress directly, which has been recently proven to contribute to MI advancement. Naturally occurring antioxidant compounds possess promising cardioprotective properties and have the potential to be used both as lead compounds for finding novel drugs and complementary therapy to manage MI. While some of them, namely quercetin, puerarin, α-lipoic acid, and curcumin, have already made their way up to clinical trials, numerous compounds have not been sufficiently investigated clinically. To develop and formulate natural antioxidant compounds as drugs against MI, it is crucial to comprehend their underlying mechanisms of cardio-protective activities and structure–activity relationships (SARs). This comprehensive review sheds light on the contribution of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and progression of Myocardial Infarction, and highlights the cardio-protective roles of 51 natural antioxidant compounds along with their mechanistic insights and SAR.

Myocardial infarction (MI) has become one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and the prevalence is anticipated to rise considerably in the coming years. Among non-surgical procedures, chemical drugs, including diuretics, vasodilators, calcium channel blockers, ꞵ blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, are now in use to treat MI progression. These drugs often cause side effects and do not focus on mitigating oxidative stress, which has been recently proven to contribute to MI advancement. Naturally occurring antioxidant compounds, on the other hand, are safe, effective due to their multiple molecular targets, and have the potential to be used as lead compounds for finding novel drugs to therapeutically manage MI. Some of them, namely quercetin, puerarin, α-lipoic acid, and curcumin, have already made their way up to clinical trials. To develop and formulate natural antioxidant compounds as drugs against MI, it is crucial to comprehend their underlying mechanisms of cardio-protective activities and structure-activity relationships. This comprehensive review sheds light on the contribution of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and progression of Myocardial Infarction, and highlights the cardio-protective roles of 51 natural antioxidant compounds along with their mechanistic insights and structure-activity relationships.

Baccaurea motleyana (Rambai) is traditionally consumed in Southeast Asia and used ethnomedicinally, yet its toxicological profile remains unclear. This study evaluated the acute and subacute oral toxicity of its aqueous fruit extract (AE‐BMF) in Wistar rats. AE‐BMF was prepared from fresh pulp. Acute toxicity was assessed at 2000 mg/kg, while subacute toxicity was tested for 28 days at 400 mg/kg/day and 800 mg/kg/day. Physiological, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters were evaluated. No mortality or overt toxicity was observed in the acute study (LD ₅₀ > 2000 mg/kg). In the subacute study, AE‐BMF at 800 mg/kg reduced body weight gain, water intake, and food intake, and increased relative liver weight by 15.8% ( p < 0.05). Biochemical analysis showed reductions in creatinine (0.50 ± 0.03 mg/dL, p < 0.01), uric acid (9.1 ± 0.6 mg/dL, p < 0.01), total cholesterol (73.5 ± 3.1 mg/dL, p < 0.01), and triglycerides (39.8 ± 3.3 mg/dL, p < 0.001) at 800 mg/kg dose. ALT rose moderately at 800 mg/kg (108.4 ± 6.0 U/L, p < 0.05). Hematological changes included increased RBC (7.70 ± 0.28 × 10 ⁶ /mm ³ , p < 0.01), hemoglobin (14.4 ± 0.3 g/dL, p < 0.001), platelets (585 ± 18 × 10 ³ /mm ³ , p < 0.001), and lymphocytes (57.3% ± 1.9%, p < 0.01). Histology confirmed normal kidneys with only mild hepatic alterations at a dose of 800 mg/kg. AE‐BMF is safe at doses up to 800 mg/kg, demonstrating hypolipidemic, hematopoietic, and immunostimulatory effects. Mild hepatic changes at higher doses suggest the need for cautious use and longer‐term studies.

Obesity, associated with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and inflammation, remains a global challenge. This research evaluated the anti‐obesity and hepatoprotective potential of the Baccaurea motleyana fruit ethanol extract (BMF‐EE) in high‐fat‐diet (HFD)‐induced obese rats. Phytochemicals in BMF‐EE were profiled by GC–MS. Male Wistar rats ( n = 5/group) were allocated to a normal diet, HFD control, positive control (silymarin), and BMF‐EE‐treated groups (200 and 400 mg/kg), with treatments administered for 8 weeks following HFD feeding. Body weight, fat mass, serum lipids, glucose homeostasis, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory cytokines, and hepatic histology were evaluated. BMF‐ME reduced body weight gain ( p < 0.01) and epididymal fat ( p < 0.05) compared to HFD controls. Serum triglycerides (↓32%, p < 0.01), total cholesterol (↓28%, p < 0.05), and LDL‐C (↓35%, p < 0.01) were significantly decreased, while HDL‐C increased (↑22%, p < 0.05). Fasting glucose (↓27%, p < 0.01), insulin (↓25%, p < 0.05), and HOMA‐IR (↓31%, p < 0.01) levels were significantly reduced, accompanied by better outcomes on the OGTT and IPITT tests. Hepatic MDA was decreased significantly ( p < 0.01), while SOD, CAT, and GPx were restored significantly ( p < 0.05). TNF‐α and IL‐6 levels were also markedly suppressed ( p < 0.05). Molecular docking showed strong binding of BMF‐EE metabolites to HMG‐CoA reductase. BMF‐EE improves obesity‐related metabolic disturbances through lipid regulation, glucose sensitization, and antioxidative and anti‐inflammatory effects, providing evidence for natural interventions for obesity. Further studies should identify active compounds and their mechanisms.

Sweroside is a natural iridoid glycoside found abundantly in a diverse range of medicinal plants, many of which are valued for their traditional therapeutic uses. This review offers an in-depth overview of its distribution, pharmacokinetic profile, and pharmacological activities. So far, sweroside has been reported from 46 plant species within 19 genera, belonging to seven plant families—several of which are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine, where sweroside functions as a key bioactive marker. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that sweroside is rapidly metabolized in the liver, has a relatively short duration of action, and is primarily eliminated via the kidneys in its metabolite form. A wide range of in vitro and animal studies have shown that sweroside exhibits multiple therapeutic effects, including bone-protective, liver-protective, heart-protective, brain-protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-infective, and dermatological benefits. This review focuses on the latest research exploring its mechanisms of action across various disease-specific signaling pathways. The broad therapeutic range of sweroside further supports its potential as a drug candidate, although improving its pharmacokinetic properties and validating its safety through clinical studies will be critical for future development.

Leontice is a genus of perennial, tuberous herbs belonging to the Berberidaceae family, comprising four species: Leontice leontopetalum, Leontice ewersmanni, Leontice armeniaca, and Leontice incerta . These plants are found primarily in mountainous regions and are widely distributed across parts of Asia, including Turkey, Lebanon, Armenia, Syria, China, and Central Asia. Although the Leontice genus has long been recognized for its medicinal uses and the presence of potent therapeutic compounds, a comprehensive review of this genus is still lacking in the current literature. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of this genus. Relevant scientific literature was gathered from various databases, such as Google Scholar, Scifinder, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, ResearchGate, and Web of Science. Traditionally, the tubers of this genus have been used to treat epilepsy in various regions. To date, a total of seventy compounds has been identified, with alkaloids being the most prevalent (62.9%). Forty-four alkaloids have been identified in total. Additionally, two flavonoids, two flavonol glycosides, two glycosides, seven esters, one saponin, two terpenoids, two phytosterols, four hydrocarbons, and one fatty alcohol have been identified from this genus. Several biological studies have described a range of pharmacological (both in vitro and in vivo ), including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, cardiovascular, antidiabetic, muscle relaxant, anti-cholinesterase, convulsant, anti-convulsant, and wound healing activities. The present review offers an updated insight into the ethnopharmacology, chemical makeup, and pharmacological effects of the genus Leontice . It provides guidance for future research focused on isolating bioactive compounds to facilitate the drug development process. Collectively, the evidence establishes Leontice as a promising medicinal genus rich in therapeutically active metabolites that warrant further pharmacological and clinical exploration.

Artocarpus chama , a widely known fruit‐bearing plant in Asia and locally referred to as Chapalish in Bangladesh, has been traditionally used for various medicinal purposes. However, its neuropharmacological potential remains largely unexplored in current scientific literature. This research aims to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and in vivo neuropharmacological properties of the methanolic extract of A. chama leaves (MEAC) along with its n‐hexane (NHAC) and ethyl acetate (EAAC) fractions. The DPPH assay revealed strong antioxidant activity, with MEAC displaying an IC₅₀ of 24.30 ± 1.04 μg/mL, while NHAC and EAAC showed IC₅₀ values of 45.18 ± 2.4 μg/mL and 30.46 ± 1.15 μg/mL, respectively. In in vivo models, MEAC, NHAC, and EAAC exhibited significant anxiolytic effects in the elevated plus maze and hole‐board test at both doses (200 and 400 mg/kg). Notable sedative effects were observed in the open field test at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses, but only in the hole cross test at the 400 mg/kg dose. Additionally, all three extracts demonstrated significant antidepressant activity in behavioral despair tests at all investigated doses. GC–MS analysis identified a total of 40 phytoconstituents, several of which exhibited notable binding affinities to key drug target proteins involved in oxidative stress, anxiety, sedation, and depression, as shown through molecular docking studies. Furthermore, ADMET predictions supported their drug‐likeness and favorable pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles. These findings suggest that A. chama leaves may serve as a promising source of bioactive compounds with neuropharmacological potential. However, further extensive studies are warranted.

Boehmeria caudata (Urticaceae) is an unconventional food plant found extensively across the neotropical region, including Central and South America, where its leaves are consumed as vegetables and traditionally used to treat sore throats. This study aimed to analyze the phytochemical composition of the methanolic extract of B. caudata leaves (MEBCL) and explore its pharmacological effects through in vitro , in vivo , and in silico methods. GC–MS investigation identified 14 phytochemicals, including two forms of Vitamin E. MEBCL exhibited a strong in vitro antioxidant effect, with IC ₅₀ values of 63.61 μg/mL for the DPPH assay as well as 130.66 μg/mL for the FRAP assay. In vivo, MEBCL showed notable analgesic effects, as observed in both the acetic acid‐induced writhing model and the formalin‐induced paw‐licking model. MEBCL also showed significant anxiolytic actions in the elevated plus maze and hole board tests. Additionally, MEBCL significantly reduced immobility time in both the forced swimming as well as tail suspension tests, indicating its antidepressant properties. Molecular docking studies revealed that the phytochemicals in MEBCL exhibited significant binding affinity to key drug target proteins associated with oxidative stress, pain, anxiety, and depression. These compounds also have a favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profile, suggesting their potential as future drug candidates. Therefore, MEBCL can be a valuable reservoir of Vitamin E with notable antioxidant, analgesic, anxiolytic, and antidepressant effects. However, more in‐depth studies are essential to determine whether B. caudata leaves can be effectively used as a functional food and therapeutic agent.