Michał Wiśniewski

In recent years, terrorism, terrorist attacks and various systemic solutions have dominated academic debate. This includes a variety of risk factors and various forms of threats which have been linked with global policing, a security sector, or international or national legislative measures that have been introduced to manage or control all these aspects. However, two new terms have appeared along the way in the scholarly literature and policy domains for local governments planning which are known as extremism or violent extremism. This has been driven by rapid social, economic, and political changes within the security sector, risk management and society, regardless of democratic or nondemocratic values presented across the globe. Therefore, a need for examining the direction of current research developments is used by the authors in this study by focusing mainly on violent extremism and any relationship that may exist between the specific behaviour and risk management solutions. This is achieved by choosing a two-phase study design as a framework for a selective literature review and a systematic literature review on the subjectW ostatnich latach terroryzm, ataki terrorystyczne i różne rozwiązania systemowe zdominowały debatę akademicką. Obejmuje to różne czynniki ryzyka i różne formy zagrożeń, które zostały powiązane z globalnym nadzorem policyjnym, sektorem bezpieczeństwa lub międzynarodowymi lub krajowymi środkami legislacyjnymi, które zostały wprowadzone w celu zarządzania lub kontrolowania wszystkich tych aspektów. Jednak w literaturze naukowej i domenach polityki planowania samorządów lokalnych pojawiły się dwa nowe terminy, znane jako ekstremizm lub brutalny ekstremizm. Było to spowodowane szybkimi zmianami społecznymi, gospodarczymi i politycznymi w sektorze bezpieczeństwa, zarządzaniu ryzykiem i w społeczeństwie, niezależnie od wartości demokratycznych lub niedemokratycznych prezentowanych na całym świecie. W związku z tym autorzy niniejszego opracowania wykorzystali potrzebę zbadania kierunku obecnego rozwoju badań, koncentrując się głównie na brutalnym ekstremizmie i wszelkich związkach, jakie mogą istnieć między konkretnym zachowaniem a rozwiązaniami w zakresie zarządzania ryzykiem. Osiągnięto to, wybierając dwufazowy projekt badania jako ramy, w których przeprowadzono selektywny przegląd literatury i systematyczny przegląd literatury na ten tematIn den letzten Jahren haben Terrorismus, Terroranschläge und verschiedene systemische Lösungen die akademische Debatte dominiert. Dazu gehören verschiedene Risikofaktoren und verschiedene Formen von Bedrohungen, die mit der globalen polizeilichen Überwachung, dem Sicherheitssektor oder internationalen oder nationalen Gesetzgebungsmaßnahmen in Verbindung gebracht wurden, die eingeführt wurden, um all diese Aspekte zu verwalten oder zu kontrollieren. In der wissenschaftlichen Literatur und in den Bereichen der lokalen Politikplanung sind jedoch zwei neue Begriffe aufgetaucht, Extremismus oder gewalttätiger Extremismus. Dies war auf rasche soziale, wirtschaftliche und politische Veränderungen im Sicherheitssektor, im Risikomanagement und in der Gesellschaft zurückzuführen, unabhängig von den demokratischen oder undemokratischen Werten, die weltweit vertreten werden. Daher haben die Autoren dieser Studie die Notwendigkeit erkannt, die aktuelle Forschungsrichtung zu untersuchen, wobei sie sich hauptsächlich auf gewalttätigen Extremismus und alle möglichen Zusammenhänge zwischen bestimmten Verhaltensweisen und Risikomanagementlösungen konzentriert haben. Dies wurde durch die Wahl eines zweiphasigen Forschungsdesigns als Rahmen erreicht, in dem eine selektive und eine systematische Literaturrecherche zu diesem Thema durchgeführt wurdenВ последние годы терроризм, теракты и различные системные решения заняли доминирующее место в академической дискуссии. Она включает в себя разные факторы риска и различные формы угроз, которые были связаны с глобальным полицейским надзором, сферой безопасности или международными либо национальными законодательными мерами, которые были введены с целью управления или контроля всех этих аспектов. Однако в научной литературе и в области политики планирования местных органов власти появились два новых термина, известные как экстремизм или жестокий экстремизм. Это было вызвано быстрыми социальными, экономическими и политическими изменениями в сфере безопасности, управления рисками и в обществе, независимо от демократических или недемократических ценностей, присутствующих во всем мире. В связи с этим авторы настоящего исследования использовали потребность в изучении направления нынешнего развития исследований, сосредоточившись в основном на жестоком экстремизме и любых связях, которые могут существовать между конкретным поведением и решениями в области управления рисками. Это было достигнуто путем выбора двухэтапного проекта исследования в виде рамок, в...

The article examines the interdependencies of the essential services (ES) determined by the operators used to provide the ES. The research problem stems from the limited knowledge of ES operators on identifying ES interdependencies. Contemporary legislation and scientific discussion suggest the need to consider ES interdependence in the context of ES security management. More detailed scientific research and practical tools are needed to identify and analyze ES interdependencies in this area. The research gap mainly concerns the need for more transparent procedures to enable ES operators to understand the interdependencies between operators, hamper effective risk management. The article aims to develop a method for identifying and eliminating ES interdependencies. The method is intended to detect ES interdependencies that threaten the continuity of operation of more than one ES. The author applies Gorbatov Characterization Principle, which makes it possible to create graph models of interdependence and identify so-called forbidden figures or undesirable patterns of interdependence. By analyzing such patterns, it is possible to identify places where there are potential risks and propose structural changes that will eliminate them. In the context of the available research work on considering ES interdependencies and their impact on business continuity risk, the author’s proposed method fills the research gap on the analysis of the static structure of ES interdependencies, in terms of looking for structural defects.

Purpose: The objective of the paper is twofold: firstly, to analyze the applications of Digital Twin (DT) technology in ensuring cybersecurity in manufacturing processes; and secondly, to identify key thematic areas, research gaps, and potential practical applications. Design/methodology/approach: The research was conducted based on a systematic literature review, using bibliometric analysis and advanced data analysis tools such as VOSviewer and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). Findings: The literature analysis revealed that current studies focus on the analysis of DT use in risk management and security testing without interference in real manufacturing systems. DT facilitates the emulation of a variety of threat scenarios, the evaluation of the efficacy of implemented security measures, and the optimization of preventive strategies. However, the analysis also identified significant research gaps, including the lack of unified implementation methodologies and insufficient exploration of the impacts of DT deployment in cybersecurity at operational and strategic levels. Practical implications: The implementation of DT has the potential to enhance cybersecurity risk management in manufacturing enterprises by facilitating earlier threat detection, minimizing potential losses, and expediting incident response times. DT provides enterprises with tools for continuous monitoring of manufacturing processes, enabling proactive threat management and increasing system resilience. Originality/value: The study proposes an interdisciplinary approach, with a view to identifying a research niche related to the integration of DT with other information technologies. Furthermore, it outlines directions for developing methodologies and standards for DT implementation in manufacturing processes, with a view to ensuring their cybersecurity.

The changing nature of conflicts is creating new challenges in civilian protection. Features of hybrid warfare, such as multidimensionality, synergistic effects, blurring of boundaries, or asymmetricity, force practitioners and scholars to consider new threats. The article examines how the characteristics of hybrid warfare affect the emergence of cascade effects. We conducted research on examples of the war in Ukraine and the Israeli-Palestinian war. The concept of a method for predicting the cascade effect under conditions of hybrid war is proposed. The concept involves using the Six Ways to Die method to take areas affecting the health and life of the civilian population and define a network of object dependencies on which proper functioning of the State in these areas depends. Using complementary tools such as process analysis, risk assessment, Petri nets, and Bayesian network in the form of the Critical Infrastructure Security Situational Management methodology, the authors provide a comprehensive solution for modeling how to protect the life and health of the civilian population. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first holistic study in this issue.

The goal of this study is to develop replicable methodology to diagnose sustainable Industry 4.0 status in listed companies. Quantitative content analysis using MAXQDA software was applied. The content of documents was mapped according to the predefined set of keywords (dictionary) and categories with lemmatization of keywords. Both annual reports and Internet news were analysed. Finally, quantitative analysis of keywords occurrence was performed, and descriptive statistics with correlation analysis was presented comparing findings for annual reports and Internet news. The methodology was demonstrated based on companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange, representing ca. two thirds of total market capitalization and many different sectors. Communication in annual reports and Internet news exhibited in-consistencies and dependent on or influenced by company’s characteristics. The re-search effectively addressed research questions regarding the inclusion of Industry 4.0 and sustainability issues in company’s report and Internet communication. A limitation of the presented study is the lack of a qualitative perspective to explain potential phenomena underlying the uncovered potential correlations. Nonetheless, the methodology can serve signals for policymakers, to position economies in different countries concerning Industry 4.0 and sustainability. Furthermore, the presented re-search demonstrates excellent potential for replicability and traceability. It can be applied to other indices for sample selection, comparative analyses of sectors and branches, explore markets, and enable year-to-year comparisons.

Critical infrastructure (CI) business continuity is fundamental in today’s turbulent times. The new trend is the reference to essential services (ES). This paper aims to identify lead topics in the ES area and analyze actions to provide ES business continuity. The goal will be achieved by (1) identifying leading research topics using Latent Dirichlet Allocation, (2) conducting a systematic literature review using VOSviewer, (3) mapping the results obtained, and identifying possibilities for further research. Web of Science, Scopus, and specific keywords were used to select peer-reviewed papers discussing the ES issue. The results showed that, despite the importance of the ES issue, there are few publications related to the business continuity of ES. The work focuses on the relevance of ES to individual entities such as companies, cities, municipalities, and countries. There are also isolated works on ES security, but mainly in cybersecurity. The added value of the article is that it organizes the knowledge related to leading topics in the ES area from a Business, Management, and Accounting perspective and indicates the research areas that require further scrutiny. It is the first comprehensive literature review focusing specifically on ES.

In the face of the rapidly changing landscape of armed conflicts around the world, particular attention is paid to the development and application of new forms of warfare, especially in the context of hybrid wars. A characteristic feature of these conflicts is the combination of traditional military methods with modern information and communication technologies, which poses complex challenges for international security. This article focuses on the new challenges posed by contemporary armed conflicts, particularly the hybrid war we are witnessing in Ukraine. The article emphasizes the significant role of advancing technology in hybrid warfare tactics, focusing on including communication and information technologies. These advances have facilitated cyberattacks, disinformation, and rapid coordination in military operations. The conflict in Ukraine serves as a case study, illustrating the use of digital technologies and cyberspace as the main battlefields, making it the first cyberwar on such a scale. The article also examines the broader implications of this warfighting tactic, particularly its impact on the international community and Poland. Due to Poland’s geopolitical situation, the conflict increases the risk of such cyberattacks, posing a significant threat to national security and social stability. The article aims to analyze the consequences of the challenges related to cybersecurity and hybrid warfare activities in Ukraine in the context of the public sector and society in Poland.

The purpose of the presented research was to determine the effectiveness and sufficiency of measures put in place to protect the business continuity of critical infrastructure (CI) and key services (KSs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The wide variety of research conducted in the area of business continuity maintenance during the COVID-19 pandemic does not change the fact that there is still a research gap in this area, particularly in terms of issues related to CI and KS protection. A systematic review of scientific publications revealed the need for continued research into this topic given the fact that only 19 papers related to CI continuity and 8 directly to KS operators could be identified. Holistic and interdisciplinary research is particularly needed to organize and systematize the existing scientific knowledge on the subject, and in practical terms, help organizations and institutions to better prepare for future continuity disruptions. A survey conducted between March and May 2021 among entities operating in Poland and classified as critical infrastructure operators as well as key service operators, subcontractors, and suppliers crucial to maintaining the continuity of critical infrastructure operations revealed that entrepreneurs, surprised by the speed and aggressive nature of the pandemic, mainly resorted to protective measures that were immediately available, standard solutions that did not require excessive financial and organizational effort. But in the face of long-term pandemic threat, such measures may no longer be sufficient, so it is important to intensify research into those precautions that require readaptation of work organization and organizational processes to protect key workers, increase supply chain resilience, and protect the work process.

In today’s turbulent and complex times, the importance of the functional security and continuity of critical infrastructure (CI) is of particular importance. The Industry 4.0 (I4.0) toolset contains many technologies that support CI or are an integral part thereof. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between CI and I4.0. The goal will be achieved by (1) conducting a systematic literature review using VOSviewer, (2) identifying leading research topics using Latent Dirichlet Allocation, (3) mapping the results obtained and identifying possibilities for further research. Web of Science, Scopus, and a set of specific keywords were used to select peer-reviewed papers presenting evidence of the considered connections. Selected clusters and topics were used to build a reference framework formed by relations between CI and I4.0. The results revealed that despite the popularity of both issues, studies examining the mutual relations between the same are lacking. The added value of the article is that it organizes the knowledge related to relations between I4.0 and CI, and indicates the research areas that require further scrutiny. It is the first comprehensive literature review focusing specifically on CI & I4.0.