Lei Yu

Background: Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) is an environmental endocrine disruptor, with an estrogen-like effect. To elucidate the toxicity mechanism of BBP on Sertoli cells, BBP and its metabolites monobutyl phthalate (MBuP), phthalic acid (PA), hippuric acid (HA) were selected for simultaneous study. Methods: The effects of BBP and its metabolites on Sertoli cells were observed by cytotoxicity assay (MTT assay) and cell cycle assay. The key proteins in Sertoli cells were detected by Western blot to find out the toxic mechanism of BBP. Results: The MTT assay results showed that BBP (10^–5, 10^–6, 10^–7 mol/L) and HA (10^–6 mol/L) significantly induced cell proliferation, while MBuP (10^–4, 10^–5 mol/L) and PA (10^–4, 10^–5 mol/L) significantly inhibited cell proliferation at 72 h. The results of cell cycle assay showed that both BBP and its metabolites significantly increased the proportion of G2 phase (Anaphase of DNA synthesis). The Western blot assay showed that estradiol (E2) significantly decreased the expression of vimentin and androgen binding protein (ABP), BBP significantly induced the expression of ABP and significantly decreased the expression of vimentin, MBuP and PA significantly reduced vimentin and ABP, HA significantly increased vimentin and ABP. BBP significantly promoted the expression of ABP similar to HA, and destroyed the cytoskeleton structure similar to MBuP and PA. Conclusions: This study revealed that the reproductive toxicity of BBP was directly related to its metabolites.

Cytisine, a quinolizidine alkaloid, is one of the major bioactive components found in the small tree Sophora Alopecuraides L., and is a traditional Chinese medicine that is used for treating hepatitis and liver cancer. In the 1960s, quinolizidine alkaloids were reported to exhibit inhibitory effects on tumour cell proliferation in several types of cancer cells. However, few studies have investigated the effect of cytisine on liver cancer. Our team confirmed that cytisine induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells via a mitochondrial pathway. The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress caused by calcium overload in cytisine-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells and the molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon. In addition, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the expression of alpha 7-nAChR when apoptosis was induced by cytisine in HepG2 cells. In the present study, transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the morphological appearance of HepG2 cells. The apoptosis of the cells with cytoplasmic vacuolization was significant under electron microscopy. Apoptotic bodies, the expansion of the ER, and swelling of mitochondria were observed in the HepG2 cells after cytisine treatment. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the apoptosis rate of HepG2 cells was upregulated. In addition, the intracellular calcium concentration was detected by laser confocal fluorescence microscopy. The laser confocal fluorescence microscopy showed that the calcium concentration was increased in a dose-dependent manner. The activity of caspase-4 was evaluated by an enzyme-linked analyser, and the expression levels of CHOP, JNK, p-JNK and alpha 7-nAChR were assessed via western blot analysis. In the present study, we observed that cytisine induced ER stress-inducing factors and CHOP and p-JNK1/2 protein expression, and it increased the JNK protein expression in the HepG2 cells. Furthermore, alpha 7-nAChR protein expression was promoted in a dose-dependent manner after cytisine treatment. These findings suggest that cytisine induced the ER stress-mediated apoptotic pathway via activation of CHOP, JNK and caspase-4 in HepG2 cells, and cytisine is a potential new target compound for nAchRs (nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) to treat liver cancer.

The caper plant (Capparis spinosa L.) was a common Uyghur folk medicine, and is a member of the Capparidaceae family. In a previous study, the n-butanol extract of C. spinosa L. (CSBE) was demonstrated to exert anti-tumor activity; however, the underlying mechanism is currently not understood. The present study aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying the CSBE-induced mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, in order to investigate the anti-tumor effects of this plant extract. CSBE-induced apoptosis of the SGC-7901 human gastric cancer cell line was observed, and alterations in the expression levels and localization of initiators, markers, and executors of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway were analyzed. Following treatment of SGC-7901 cells with CBSE, proliferation was inhibited and apoptosis was induced; and these effects were associated with mitochondrial membrane potential disruption, cytochrome c release into the cytoplasm, and caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation. CSBE may have induced SGC-7901 cell apoptosis by upregulating the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2)-associated X protein, and downregulating the expression of BCL-2. The results of the present study suggested that CSBE may induce SGC-7901 cell apoptosis via activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.

N-Butanol Extract of Capparis spinosa L. Induces Apoptosis Primarily Through a Mitochondrial Pathway Involving mPTP Open, Cytochrome C Release and Caspase Activation Capparis spinosa L.;n-butanol extract;mitochondrial pathway;apoptosis; Background: Capparis spinosa L., a Uygur medicine, had been shown to have anti-tumor activity in our early experiments with an N-butanol extract (CSBE) as its active fraction. However, the mechanisms responsible for its effects are not clearly understood. Here, we report that treatment of SGC-7901 cells with CSBE resulted in dose-dependent reduction of cell viability and induction of apoptosis. Materials and Methods: To observe the inhibitory and killing effects of CSBE on SGC-7901, the SRB method was adopted, apoptosis being observed by electron microscopy. To clarify the mechanisms of apoptosis, Western blot and enzyme-labeled methods were used to examine the release of cytochrome c (Cyt c) and the activation of the caspase cascade. Results: By electron microscopy, apoptotic morphologic changes were detectable after CSBE administration. In this study, it was also demonstrated that CSBE induced apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells by inhibiting mPTP open, mitochondrial cytochrome c release, caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation. Conclusions: The findings indicated that CSBE induces aap optosis through mitochondrial pathway.