Toty Onggar

Due to increasingly stringent safety standards for textile materials, a pressing need has arisen to impart multifunctional properties to fabrics, particularly flame resistance and antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study is to develop a hybrid coating based on copper, phosphorus, and silicon (Cu-P-Si) for the functionalization of cotton and linen fabrics. The coating was deposited using a two-step method consistent with the principles of “green chemistry.” Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results confirmed the formation of a uniform coating with the inorganic phase fixed on the fibers. It was found that the treatment reduces the charring length of the fabric compared to the untreated sample. Antibacterial tests were conducted using gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria, which demonstrated complete inhibition of bacterial growth with an efficacy of >99.9%. It was found that the coating increases the tensile strength of the modified samples by 16%, which may be attributed to the fiber-structuring effect. A toxicological safety assessment confirmed that the samples meet the established requirements. The developed Cu-P-Si hybrid coating provides cellulose-based textile materials with a combination of flame-retardant and antimicrobial properties. Thus, the developed technology for finishing cellulose-based textile materials confirms its potential for creating protective clothing and products, as well as for use in public interiors and educational institutions.

In this study, the rheological and melt‐flow behavior of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) filled with multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was investigated to evaluate its melt‐spinnability. A rheological percolation threshold was detected below 1 wt% MWCNT, accompanied by a significant increase in storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″), as well as a decrease in complex viscosity ( η *), indicating the formation of a nanotube network and a transition from viscous to elastic behavior. Neat PEEK ( n = 0.09, m = 1.16) and PEEK containing 1 wt% MWCNT ( n = −0.33, m = 0.66) exhibited stable flow behavior and remained within the spinnable range due to moderate shear‐thinning characteristics. At 2 wt% MWCNT, increased elasticity and partial network formation ( n = −0.89; m = 0.39) resulted in reduced spinnability. Above 2 wt%, the materials were not spinnable due to their highly elastic behavior ( m < 0.3) and thread breakage during spinning. Van Gurp–Palmen and Cole–Cole analyses confirmed that PEEK/MWCNT blends with phase angles δ > 40° and MWCNT contents below 2 wt% are spinnable. The optimum MWCNT content for stable melt spinnability was determined to be 1 wt%, though 2 wt% was also spinnable under certain spinning conditions.

The increasing demand for lightweight, high-performance materials has driven the development of textile-reinforced composites with integrated sensing capabilities. While thermoset-based composites have established sensor integration strategies, thermoplastic composites face challenges due to high processing temperatures. This study presents a novel approach to produce high-temperature-resistant, electrically conductive polyether ether ketone with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PEEK/MWCNT) monofilament and core-sheath (PEEK-MWCNT/PEEK) filament yarns suitable for textile processing and structural health monitoring. Filaments were produced using a twin-screw extrusion site and a bicomponent melt spinning plant, systematically varying MWCNT content (1.0–7.0 wt.%) and process parameters. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that MWCNTs influence PEEK crystallinity, glass transition temperature, and thermal transitions, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirmed filler dispersion and morphology. Mechanical testing demonstrated increased stiffness and tensile strength with higher MWCNT loading, while elongation at break decreased. Integration of conductive filaments into glass fiber/polypropylene (GF/PP) composites maintained or slightly improved composite mechanical properties. Electrical contacting via crimping combined with conductive epoxy provided stable, low-resistance connections. The results demonstrate that PEEK/MWCNT sensor yarns are suitable for high-temperature, textile-reinforced thermoplastic composites, offering a robust platform for intrinsically conductive, processable, and mechanically stable structural health monitoring systems.

This article is dedicated to the development of antimicrobial cellulose textile materials based on copper nanoparticles, obtained following the principles of «green chemistry». The main goal of the research was to create an environmentally friendly method for modifying cotton fabrics, ensuring a stable antibacterial effect. Ascorbic acid was used as a reducing agent, while gelatin and glucose served as stabilizers. This choice allowed for the formation of stable colloidal systems of copper nanoparticles and their uniform distribution within the fibrous structure. To enhance the fixation of the nanoparticles, tetraethoxysilane was additionally used to form a silicon oxide matrix. The paper describes the synthesis and modification methods for cotton fabrics and analyzes the properties of the selected stabilizers. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the differences in nanoparticle morphology: using gelatin resulted in smaller and more uniform particles (30–74 nm), whereas glucose led to the formation of larger aggregates (56– 143 nm). These data are consistent with the results of microbiological tests: the treated samples showed a zone of inhibition of E. coli growth up to 0.4 mm. The practical value of the research lies in the development of a method that can be used to create functional cotton fabrics with antimicrobial and protective properties, which are in demand in the light and medical industries.

Melt‐spun polypropylene/carbon nanotube (PP/CNT) monofilaments hold great promise for use in structural health monitoring (SHM) due to their low density, mechanical flexibility, and piezoresistive properties. However, achieving homogeneous CNT dispersion, optimizing processing parameters, and enhancing strain sensitivity remain key challenges for their practical implementation. This study systematically examines the influence of CNT and carbon black (CB) content as extrinsically conductive fillers, the incorporation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as processing aids, and the effect of extruder screw speeds on the morphology, mechanical properties, and electrical behavior of PP/CNT monofilaments. Spinning pressure measurements reveal PEG effectively reduces spinning pressure. Morphological analysis indicates that higher CNT content results in rougher filament surfaces, while PEG enhances fiber uniformity. Tensile testing demonstrates a strong dependence of Young′s modulus and tensile strength on CNT content and processing parameters, with PEG‐modified samples exhibiting improved ductility. Electrical characterization confirmed a stable strain‐dependent resistance variation, with gauge factors up to 1.5. Mechanical testing showed that Young’s modulus could be tailored from 0.8 to 16 GPa depending on CNT and PEG content. These results demonstrate the feasibility of producing lightweight PP/CNT monofilaments with tunable electromechanical properties for scalable SHM sensor integration.

Taking advantage of its high-temperature resistance and elongation properties, conductive-coated polyetheretherketone (PEEK) filament yarn can be used as a textile-based electroconductive functional element, in particular as a strain sensor. This study describes the development of electrical conductivity on an inert PEEK filament surface by the deposition of metallic nickel (Ni) layers via an electroless galvanic plating process. To enhance the adhesion properties of the nickel layer, both PEEK multifilament and monofilament yarn surfaces were metalized by plasma torch pretreatment, followed by nickel plating. Electrical characterizations indicate the potential of nickel-coated PEEK for structural monitoring in textile-reinforced composites. In addition, surface energy measurements before and after plasma torch pretreatment, surface morphology, nickel layer thickness, chemical structure changes, and mechanical properties were analyzed and compared with untreated PEEK. The thickness of the Ni layer was measured and showed an average thickness of 1.25 µm for the multifilament yarn and 3.36 µm for the monofilament yarn. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of new functional groups on the PEEK surface after plasma torch pretreatment, indicating a successful modification of the surface chemistry. Mechanical testing showed an increase in tensile strength after plasma torch pretreatment but a decrease after nickel plating. In conclusion, this study successfully developed conductive PEEK yarns through plasma torch pretreatment and nickel plating.

The aim of this review is to identify the literature for the scientific work to understand the basics of the conduction mechanism of electrically conductive filament yarns made from extrinsic con-ductive fillers and thermoplastic polymer using melt spinning. In recent years, extrinsic conductive fillers have become very popular due to their electrical conductivity and have received greater research attention. In general, extrinsic conductive fillers are carbon-based conductive materials. These include carbon black (CB), carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene and graphite. This thematic review mainly focuses on the thermal, mechanical and electrical properties of melt-spun thermoplastic polymers, such as polypropylene, polyamide, poly(ethylene terephthalate), thermoplastic polyurethane, polycarbonate, polyimide, poly(methyl methacrylate and poly(L-lactide)) acid with CB, CNT, graphene and graphite. The structure, shape, size and properties of extrinsic conductive fillers are described in this review. The development of electrically conductive filament yarns from extrinsic conductive fillers using the melt spinning process requires a consideration of the entire process, from pre-treatment, compounding and melt spinning of the extrinsic conductive fillers to the drawing of the electrically conductive filament yarn. In order to achieve better spinnability of the two different components (conductive filler, thermoplastic polymer), an overview of the pretreatment methods of the extrinsic conductive filler and thermoplastic polymers is given. Mixing of inorganic nanomaterials into a polymer matrix involves many challenges, like agglomeration, poor dispersion and scattering of the extrinsic conductive filler within the thermoplastic polymer. Therefore, the most important influencing factors of the melt spinning process are discussed in detail in this review. Depending on the type of polymer (amorphous, crystalline, semi-crystalline), extrinsically conductive fillers can influence the crystallization process in different ways. The textile mechanical and electrical properties of the spun extrinsically conductive yarn will be comprehensively highlighted. Finally, new developments in the field of conductive filament yarns are presented

High-performance textile filament yarns such as para-aramid filament yarn (p-AF) will be used as the base material for the development of sensor yarns (SY) because p-AF offer high tensile strengths and moduli of elasticity, as well as high decomposition temperatures and elongation. However, p-AF has an inert or hydrophobic surface, i.e. a lower polar fraction of the total surface energy that does not allow metallization. The aim of this work is the development of a multifunctional sensor yarn consisting of inert and hydrophobic p-AF. By applying new technologies developed at the Institute of Textile Machinery and Textile High Performance Materials Technology, a homogeneous, completely coated first (1st) and second (2nd) silver layer was built on the p-AF filament yarn surface. The first silver layer monitors the damage in the thermoplastic composite globally and the second silver layer locally. Between two silver layers is an insulation layer. Thus, three layers are built on the p-AF surface. The surface morphology has been determined by light and scanning electron microscopy to assess the Ag layer properties such as structure, homogeneity, and cracking. For structural analysis, p-AF were investigated using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The dispersive and polar component of the surface energy of the treated and pretreated p-AF was measured by using a single fiber Tensiometer (Kruess K100. The Ag and insulation layer thickness was determined after coating and metallization. Textile physical tests of the tensile strength, elasticity modulus, elongation at break and filament yarn fineness of the p-AF before and after the silvering were carried out. The length related electrical resistance of the 1st and 2nd silver layer of the p-AF filament yarns was measured by a Multimeter Fluke 45 (Fluka Germany GmbH) with two wire methods.