Mauro Niskier Sanchez
Current Organizations / Institutes
The organizations/institutes from the scholar's latest article
Previous Organizations / Institutes
The organizations / institutes from the scholar's other articles in the past ten years
Research Subjects
Research Interests
Mauro Niskier Sanchez has a total of 231 co-authors. Here are the top co-authors by number of shared publications:
- Gerson Oliveira Penna
Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Brazil
8 shared publications - Helena Eri Shimizu
Universidade de Brasília, Brazil
7 shared publications - Julia Moreira Pescarini
Centre for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Salvador
6 shared publications - Leonor Maria Pacheco Santos
Universidade de Brasília
6 shared publications - Camila Silveira Silva Teixeira
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
5 shared publications - Joilda Silva Nery
Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brasil
5 shared publications
Latest Publications
- Open Access
- 1 January 2026
- Published by FapUNIFESP (SciELO) in Revista Brasileira de Saúde Ocupacional
- Vol. 51
The cost of the pandemic for the healthcare workforce: an economic evaluation of COVID-19 among healthcare professionals in Brazil based on reported cases, 2020–2022
Objective To estimate the direct and indirect costs of hospitalizations and deaths due to COVID-19 among healthcare professionals in Brazil from 2020 to 2022. Methods A partial economic evaluation study of the cost of illness, conducted from the perspectives of the Unified Health System (SUS) and society. Data were obtained from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (Sivep-Gripe), the Mortality Information System (SIM), and the Hospital Information System (SIH/SUS). Direct costs were estimated based on hospital admissions; indirect costs were estimated based on lost productivity, measured by potential years of life lost (PYLL), potential years of work lost (PYWL), and potential years of income lost (PYIL), monetized using the human capital method. Results A total of 3,698 hospital admissions and 11,231 deaths among healthcare professionals were recorded. PYLL totaled 159,800.4, with the highest concentration in the 40–49 (28.55%) and 50–59 (26.30%) age groups. PYWL totaled 72,031, with an economic loss of R$ 3,507,820,144.72. PYIL totaled 139,728.0, corresponding to R$ 6,602,378,714.38. The direct costs of hospitalizations were R$ 23,399,642.85, and the indirect costs associated with days of hospitalization were R$ 12,551,903.26. Conclusion the findings highlight the high epidemiological and economic burden of COVID-19 on healthcare professionals.
- 1 January 2026
- Published by FapUNIFESP (SciELO) in Revista Brasileira de Saúde Ocupacional
- Vol. 51
Open AccessThe cost of the pandemic for the healthcare workforce: an economic evaluation of COVID-19 among healthcare professionals in Brazil based on reported cases, 2020–2022
Objective To estimate the direct and indirect costs of hospitalizations and deaths due to COVID-19 among healthcare professionals in Brazil from 2020 to 2022. Methods A partial economic evaluation study of the cost of illness, conducted from the perspectives of the Unified Health System (SUS) and society. Data were obtained from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (Sivep-Gripe), the Mortality Information System (SIM), and the Hospital Information System (SIH/SUS). Direct costs were estimated based on hospital admissions; indirect costs were estimated based on lost productivity, measured by potential years of life lost (PYLL), potential years of work lost (PYWL), and potential years of income lost (PYIL), monetized using the human capital method. Results A total of 3,698 hospital admissions and 11,231 deaths among healthcare professionals were recorded. PYLL totaled 159,800.4, with the highest concentration in the 40–49 (28.55%) and 50–59 (26.30%) age groups. PYWL totaled 72,031, with an economic loss of R$ 3,507,820,144.72. PYIL totaled 139,728.0, corresponding to R$ 6,602,378,714.38. The direct costs of hospitalizations were R$ 23,399,642.85, and the indirect costs associated with days of hospitalization were R$ 12,551,903.26. Conclusion the findings highlight the high epidemiological and economic burden of COVID-19 on healthcare professionals.
- Open Access
- 1 January 2026
- Published by FapUNIFESP (SciELO) in Revista Brasileira de Saúde Ocupacional
- Vol. 51
A conta da pandemia no trabalho em saúde: avaliação econômica da covid-19 entre profissionais de saúde no Brasil, com base em casos notificados, 2020–2022
Resumo Objetivo Estimar os custos diretos e indiretos das internações e óbitos por covid-19 entre profissionais de saúde no Brasil, de 2020 a 2022. Métodos Estudo de avaliação econômica parcial do tipo custo da doença, conduzido sob as perspectivas do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e da sociedade. Utilizaram-se dados do Sistema de Informação da Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe (Sivep-Gripe), Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH/SUS). Os custos diretos foram estimados com base nas internações hospitalares; os indiretos, pela perda de produtividade, mensurada por anos potenciais de vida perdidos (APVP), de trabalho perdidos (APTP) e de renda perdidos (APRP), monetarizados pelo método do capital humano. Resultados Foram registradas 3.698 internações e 11.231 óbitos de profissionais da saúde. Os APVP totalizaram 159.800,4, com maior concentração nas faixas etárias de 40–49 anos (28,55%) e 50–59 anos (26,30%). Os APTP somaram 72.031, com perda econômica de R$ 3.507.820.144,72. Os APRP totalizaram 139.728,0, correspondendo a R$ 6.602.378.714,38. Os custos diretos das internações foram R$ 23.399.642,85, e os indiretos associados aos dias de internação, R$ 12.551.903,26. Conclusão Os achados evidenciam elevada carga epidemiológica e econômica da covid-19 sobre os trabalhadores da saúde.
- 1 January 2026
- Published by FapUNIFESP (SciELO) in Revista Brasileira de Saúde Ocupacional
- Vol. 51
Open AccessA conta da pandemia no trabalho em saúde: avaliação econômica da covid-19 entre profissionais de saúde no Brasil, com base em casos notificados, 2020–2022
Resumo Objetivo Estimar os custos diretos e indiretos das internações e óbitos por covid-19 entre profissionais de saúde no Brasil, de 2020 a 2022. Métodos Estudo de avaliação econômica parcial do tipo custo da doença, conduzido sob as perspectivas do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e da sociedade. Utilizaram-se dados do Sistema de Informação da Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe (Sivep-Gripe), Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH/SUS). Os custos diretos foram estimados com base nas internações hospitalares; os indiretos, pela perda de produtividade, mensurada por anos potenciais de vida perdidos (APVP), de trabalho perdidos (APTP) e de renda perdidos (APRP), monetarizados pelo método do capital humano. Resultados Foram registradas 3.698 internações e 11.231 óbitos de profissionais da saúde. Os APVP totalizaram 159.800,4, com maior concentração nas faixas etárias de 40–49 anos (28,55%) e 50–59 anos (26,30%). Os APTP somaram 72.031, com perda econômica de R$ 3.507.820.144,72. Os APRP totalizaram 139.728,0, correspondendo a R$ 6.602.378.714,38. Os custos diretos das internações foram R$ 23.399.642,85, e os indiretos associados aos dias de internação, R$ 12.551.903,26. Conclusão Os achados evidenciam elevada carga epidemiológica e econômica da covid-19 sobre os trabalhadores da saúde.
- Open Access
- 1 January 2026
- Published by FapUNIFESP (SciELO) in Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde
- Vol. 35
Casos e óbitos da síndrome respiratória aguda grave causada por covid-19 nas populações indígenas: estudo descritivo, Brasil, 2020-2021
Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a incidência, a mortalidade e o perfil epidemiológico-demográfico da síndrome respiratória aguda grave e dos óbitos entre casos confirmados de covid-19 de populações indígenas entre 2020 e 2021. Métodos: Estudo descritivo baseado em dados de covid-19 da Secretaria de Saúde Indígena do Ministério da Saúde. Foram analisadas incidência e mortalidade por covid-19 no Brasil. A análise contemplou a elaboração de gráficos e mapas e o cálculo das proporções de hospitalização. Resultados: A incidência de casos graves variou entre os Distritos Sanitários Indígenas (116,3-2.034,1/100.000 habitantes), com as maiores taxas nos distritos Kaiapó do Pará (2.034,1/100.000 habitantes), Leste de Roraima (1.632,6/ 100.000 habitantes) e Alto Rio Juruá (1.601,8/ 100.000 habitantes). No comparativo entre 2020 e 2021, observou-se redução de 64,9% no número de casos graves, passando de 4.520 em 2020 para 1.585 em 2021. Em 2020, 27,1% dos óbitos ocorreram sem hospitalização, reduzindo para 18,8% em 2021. A maioria dos casos graves ocorreu na faixa etária de 20-39 anos (30,6% em 2020 e 30,7% em 2021), e a maior concentração foi na região Norte (69,7% em 2020 e 55,0% em 2021). Conclusão: A alta incidência de casos graves e a elevada proporção de óbitos sem hospitalização evidenciam desafios no enfrentamento da covid-19 entre populações indígenas. A concentração de casos na região Norte reforça a necessidade de estratégias específicas para essa região.
- 1 January 2026
- Published by FapUNIFESP (SciELO) in Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde
- Vol. 35
Open AccessCasos e óbitos da síndrome respiratória aguda grave causada por covid-19 nas populações indígenas: estudo descritivo, Brasil, 2020-2021
Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a incidência, a mortalidade e o perfil epidemiológico-demográfico da síndrome respiratória aguda grave e dos óbitos entre casos confirmados de covid-19 de populações indígenas entre 2020 e 2021. Métodos: Estudo descritivo baseado em dados de covid-19 da Secretaria de Saúde Indígena do Ministério da Saúde. Foram analisadas incidência e mortalidade por covid-19 no Brasil. A análise contemplou a elaboração de gráficos e mapas e o cálculo das proporções de hospitalização. Resultados: A incidência de casos graves variou entre os Distritos Sanitários Indígenas (116,3-2.034,1/100.000 habitantes), com as maiores taxas nos distritos Kaiapó do Pará (2.034,1/100.000 habitantes), Leste de Roraima (1.632,6/ 100.000 habitantes) e Alto Rio Juruá (1.601,8/ 100.000 habitantes). No comparativo entre 2020 e 2021, observou-se redução de 64,9% no número de casos graves, passando de 4.520 em 2020 para 1.585 em 2021. Em 2020, 27,1% dos óbitos ocorreram sem hospitalização, reduzindo para 18,8% em 2021. A maioria dos casos graves ocorreu na faixa etária de 20-39 anos (30,6% em 2020 e 30,7% em 2021), e a maior concentração foi na região Norte (69,7% em 2020 e 55,0% em 2021). Conclusão: A alta incidência de casos graves e a elevada proporção de óbitos sem hospitalização evidenciam desafios no enfrentamento da covid-19 entre populações indígenas. A concentração de casos na região Norte reforça a necessidade de estratégias específicas para essa região.
- Open Access
- 1 January 2026
- Published by FapUNIFESP (SciELO) in Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde
- Vol. 35, e20240630
Cases and deaths from severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by COVID-19 in Indigenous populations: a descriptive study, Brazil, 2020-2021
Objective: To assess the incidence, mortality and epidemiological-demographic profile of severe acute respiratory syndrome and deaths among confirmed COVID-19 cases in Indigenous populations between 2020 and 2021. Methods: This is a descriptive study based on COVID-19 data provided by the Ministry of Health’s Indigenous Health Secretariat. COVID-19 incidence and mortality in Brazil were analyzed. The analysis included creation of graphs and maps and calculation of hospitalization rates. Results: Incidence of severe cases varied between the Indigenous Health Districts (116.3 to 2,034.1 per 100,000 inhabitants), with the highest rates in the Kaiapó do Pará (2,034.1 per 100,000 inhabitants), Leste de Roraima (1,632.6 per 100,000 inhabitants) and Alto Rio Juruá (1,601.8 per 100,000 inhabitants) Districts. Comparing 2020 and 2021, there was a 64.9% reduction in the number of severe cases, from 4,520 in 2020 to 1,585 in 2021. In 2020, 27.1% of deaths occurred without hospitalization, decreasing to 18.8% in 2021. The majority of severe cases occurred in the 20-39 age group (30.6% in 2020 and 30.7% in 2021), and the highest concentration was in the Northern region of Brazil (69.7% in 2020 and 55.0% in 2021). Conclusion: The high incidence of severe cases and the high proportion of deaths without hospitalization highlight challenges in combating COVID-19 among Indigenous populations. The concentration of cases in the Northern region reinforces the need for specific strategies for this region.
- 1 January 2026
- Published by FapUNIFESP (SciELO) in Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde
- Vol. 35, e20240630
Open AccessCases and deaths from severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by COVID-19 in Indigenous populations: a descriptive study, Brazil, 2020-2021
Objective: To assess the incidence, mortality and epidemiological-demographic profile of severe acute respiratory syndrome and deaths among confirmed COVID-19 cases in Indigenous populations between 2020 and 2021. Methods: This is a descriptive study based on COVID-19 data provided by the Ministry of Health’s Indigenous Health Secretariat. COVID-19 incidence and mortality in Brazil were analyzed. The analysis included creation of graphs and maps and calculation of hospitalization rates. Results: Incidence of severe cases varied between the Indigenous Health Districts (116.3 to 2,034.1 per 100,000 inhabitants), with the highest rates in the Kaiapó do Pará (2,034.1 per 100,000 inhabitants), Leste de Roraima (1,632.6 per 100,000 inhabitants) and Alto Rio Juruá (1,601.8 per 100,000 inhabitants) Districts. Comparing 2020 and 2021, there was a 64.9% reduction in the number of severe cases, from 4,520 in 2020 to 1,585 in 2021. In 2020, 27.1% of deaths occurred without hospitalization, decreasing to 18.8% in 2021. The majority of severe cases occurred in the 20-39 age group (30.6% in 2020 and 30.7% in 2021), and the highest concentration was in the Northern region of Brazil (69.7% in 2020 and 55.0% in 2021). Conclusion: The high incidence of severe cases and the high proportion of deaths without hospitalization highlight challenges in combating COVID-19 among Indigenous populations. The concentration of cases in the Northern region reinforces the need for specific strategies for this region.
- Open Access
- 10 June 2025
- Published by Swansea University in International Journal of Population Data Science
- Vol. 10 (3)
A small area deprivation index for monitoring and evaluating health inequalities in a diverse, low and middle income country: the Índice Brasileiro de Privação (IBP)
IntroductionMonitoring and addressing health inequalities is important. However, socioeconomic variables are usually unavailable within health datasets. Area deprivation measures provide access to open-source reliable socioeconomic data within low/middle-income countries and can contribute to the monitoring of the Sustainable Development Goals and assessing the growing burden of health inequalities. ObjectiveTo create a small-area deprivation measure for the whole of Brazil - the Brazilian Deprivation Index (Índice Brasileiro de Privação - IBP). MethodsUsing Census Sector data (mean population size=615) from the most recently available Brazilian Demographic Census (2010), variables measuring literacy, household income and housing conditions were standardised using z-scores and summed into a single measure. The IBP was validated using regional small-area measures of vulnerability: Belo Horizonte's Health Vulnerability Index (IVS) and S\~{a}o Paulo's Social Vulnerability Index (IPVS). Mortality data from Minas Gerais were used to estimate age-standardised mortality rates (ASMR) by ill-defined causes across IBP deprivation quintiles. ResultsThe IBP was created for 303,218 (97.8%) census sectors (99.7% population). Substantial regional variation in deprivation was found using the IBP measure, with higher deprivation in rural than urban areas. The IBP was correlated with the other indicators used for validation: the IVS (r = 0.96) and the IPVS (r = 0.68). We found gradients across the ill-defined causes ASMR, in Minas Gerais mortality was 2.6 higher in the most deprived quintile of IBP, compared with the least deprived. Main challenges in creating a deprivation measure for LMICs and possible solutions are demonstrated. ConclusionA small area deprivation index was created for Brazil, a large and highly diverse middle-income country. The IBP improves our understanding and monitoring of inequalities, serving as a valuable tool for informing targeted public policies. Although the index is based on Brazil's specific context, the challenges faced, and the strategies implemented to tackle them are relevant for other low- and middle-income countries aiming to develop similar tools.
- 10 June 2025
- Published by Swansea University in International Journal of Population Data Science
- Vol. 10 (3)
Open AccessA small area deprivation index for monitoring and evaluating health inequalities in a diverse, low and middle income country: the Índice Brasileiro de Privação (IBP)
IntroductionMonitoring and addressing health inequalities is important. However, socioeconomic variables are usually unavailable within health datasets. Area deprivation measures provide access to open-source reliable socioeconomic data within low/middle-income countries and can contribute to the monitoring of the Sustainable Development Goals and assessing the growing burden of health inequalities. ObjectiveTo create a small-area deprivation measure for the whole of Brazil - the Brazilian Deprivation Index (Índice Brasileiro de Privação - IBP). MethodsUsing Census Sector data (mean population size=615) from the most recently available Brazilian Demographic Census (2010), variables measuring literacy, household income and housing conditions were standardised using z-scores and summed into a single measure. The IBP was validated using regional small-area measures of vulnerability: Belo Horizonte's Health Vulnerability Index (IVS) and S\~{a}o Paulo's Social Vulnerability Index (IPVS). Mortality data from Minas Gerais were used to estimate age-standardised mortality rates (ASMR) by ill-defined causes across IBP deprivation quintiles. ResultsThe IBP was created for 303,218 (97.8%) census sectors (99.7% population). Substantial regional variation in deprivation was found using the IBP measure, with higher deprivation in rural than urban areas. The IBP was correlated with the other indicators used for validation: the IVS (r = 0.96) and the IPVS (r = 0.68). We found gradients across the ill-defined causes ASMR, in Minas Gerais mortality was 2.6 higher in the most deprived quintile of IBP, compared with the least deprived. Main challenges in creating a deprivation measure for LMICs and possible solutions are demonstrated. ConclusionA small area deprivation index was created for Brazil, a large and highly diverse middle-income country. The IBP improves our understanding and monitoring of inequalities, serving as a valuable tool for informing targeted public policies. Although the index is based on Brazil's specific context, the challenges faced, and the strategies implemented to tackle them are relevant for other low- and middle-income countries aiming to develop similar tools.
- Open Access
- 1 January 2025
- Published by FapUNIFESP (SciELO) in Physis: Revista de Saúde Coletiva
- Vol. 35 (2) , e350204
Barreiras e desafios da implementação do Programa de Controle da Tuberculose na Microrregião de Saúde de Unaí-MG
Resumo O artigo analisa os fatores contextuais e os desafios da implementação do Programa de Controle da Tuberculose na Microrregião de Saúde de Unaí-MG e elabora e valida um modelo lógico. Trata-se de estudo de avaliabilidade, que utilizou a triangulação de métodos e técnicas de dados. Foram realizadas análise documental, aplicação de questionários e entrevistas semiestruturadas, e construção do modelo lógico do Programa de Controle da Tuberculose na Microrregião de Saúde de Unaí-MG, validado por meio de Técnica Delphi modificada. Verificou-se que todos os municípios realizam ações relacionadas à doença, porém a análise das ações implementadas no território evidenciou fragilidades em sua operacionalização. A dimensão de gestão e organização do programa foi a que apresentou maiores fragilidades. O modelo lógico elaborado constitui ferramenta para subsidiar uma análise mais aprofundada do programa no nível local, que resulte em melhorias na execução do programa e na qualidade da assistência ofertada.
- 1 January 2025
- Published by FapUNIFESP (SciELO) in Physis: Revista de Saúde Coletiva
- Vol. 35 (2) , e350204
Open AccessBarreiras e desafios da implementação do Programa de Controle da Tuberculose na Microrregião de Saúde de Unaí-MG
Resumo O artigo analisa os fatores contextuais e os desafios da implementação do Programa de Controle da Tuberculose na Microrregião de Saúde de Unaí-MG e elabora e valida um modelo lógico. Trata-se de estudo de avaliabilidade, que utilizou a triangulação de métodos e técnicas de dados. Foram realizadas análise documental, aplicação de questionários e entrevistas semiestruturadas, e construção do modelo lógico do Programa de Controle da Tuberculose na Microrregião de Saúde de Unaí-MG, validado por meio de Técnica Delphi modificada. Verificou-se que todos os municípios realizam ações relacionadas à doença, porém a análise das ações implementadas no território evidenciou fragilidades em sua operacionalização. A dimensão de gestão e organização do programa foi a que apresentou maiores fragilidades. O modelo lógico elaborado constitui ferramenta para subsidiar uma análise mais aprofundada do programa no nível local, que resulte em melhorias na execução do programa e na qualidade da assistência ofertada.
- 25 April 2024
- Published by Springer Nature in Bulletin of Mathematical Biology
- Vol. 86 (6) , 1-25
A Mathematical Model for the Impact of 3HP and Social Programme Implementation on the Incidence and Mortality of Tuberculosis: Study in Brazil
In this paper, we presented a mathematical model for tuberculosis with treatment for latent tuberculosis cases and incorporated social implementations based on the impact they will have on tuberculosis incidence, cure, and recovery. We incorporated two variables containing the accumulated deaths and active cases into the model in order to study the incidence and mortality rate per year with the data reported by the model. Our objective is to study the impact of social program implementations and therapies on latent tuberculosis in particular the use of once-weekly isoniazid-rifapentine for 12 weeks (3HP). The computational experimentation was performed with data from Brazil and for model calibration, we used the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method (MCMC) with a Bayesian approach. We studied the effect of increasing the coverage of social programs, the Bolsa Familia Programme (BFP) and the Family Health Strategy (FHS) and the implementation of the 3HP as a substitution therapy for two rates of diagnosis and treatment of latent at 1% and 5%. Based of the data obtained by the model in the period 2023–2035, the FHS reported better results than BFP in the case of social implementations and 3HP with a higher rate of diagnosis and treatment of latent in the reduction of incidence and mortality rate and in cases and deaths avoided. With the objective of linking the social and biomedical implementations, we constructed two different scenarios with the rate of diagnosis and treatment. We verified with results reported by the model that with the social implementations studied and the 3HP with the highest rate of diagnosis and treatment of latent, the best results were obtained in comparison with the other independent and joint implementations. A reduction of the incidence by 36.54% with respect to the model with the current strategies and coverage was achieved, and a greater number of cases and deaths from tuberculosis was avoided.
- 25 April 2024
- Published by Springer Nature in Bulletin of Mathematical Biology
- Vol. 86 (6) , 1-25
A Mathematical Model for the Impact of 3HP and Social Programme Implementation on the Incidence and Mortality of Tuberculosis: Study in Brazil
In this paper, we presented a mathematical model for tuberculosis with treatment for latent tuberculosis cases and incorporated social implementations based on the impact they will have on tuberculosis incidence, cure, and recovery. We incorporated two variables containing the accumulated deaths and active cases into the model in order to study the incidence and mortality rate per year with the data reported by the model. Our objective is to study the impact of social program implementations and therapies on latent tuberculosis in particular the use of once-weekly isoniazid-rifapentine for 12 weeks (3HP). The computational experimentation was performed with data from Brazil and for model calibration, we used the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method (MCMC) with a Bayesian approach. We studied the effect of increasing the coverage of social programs, the Bolsa Familia Programme (BFP) and the Family Health Strategy (FHS) and the implementation of the 3HP as a substitution therapy for two rates of diagnosis and treatment of latent at 1% and 5%. Based of the data obtained by the model in the period 2023–2035, the FHS reported better results than BFP in the case of social implementations and 3HP with a higher rate of diagnosis and treatment of latent in the reduction of incidence and mortality rate and in cases and deaths avoided. With the objective of linking the social and biomedical implementations, we constructed two different scenarios with the rate of diagnosis and treatment. We verified with results reported by the model that with the social implementations studied and the 3HP with the highest rate of diagnosis and treatment of latent, the best results were obtained in comparison with the other independent and joint implementations. A reduction of the incidence by 36.54% with respect to the model with the current strategies and coverage was achieved, and a greater number of cases and deaths from tuberculosis was avoided.
- Open Access
- 21 March 2024
- Published by Public Library of Science (PLoS) in PLOS Medicine
- Vol. 21 (3) , e1004361
Quantifying gaps in the tuberculosis care cascade in Brazil: A mathematical model study using national program data
Background: In Brazil, many individuals with tuberculosis (TB) do not receive appropriate care due to delayed or missed diagnosis, ineffective treatment regimens, or loss-to-follow-up. This study aimed to estimate the health losses and TB program costs attributable to each gap in the care cascade for TB disease in Brazil.Methods and findings: We constructed a Markov model simulating the TB care cascade and lifetime health outcomes (e.g., death, cure, postinfectious sequelae) for individuals developing TB disease in Brazil. We stratified the model by age, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, drug resistance, state of residence, and disease severity, and developed a parallel model for individuals without TB that receive a false-positive TB diagnosis. Models were fit to data (adult and pediatric) from Brazil’s Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) and Mortality Information System (SIM) for 2018. Using these models, we assessed current program performance and simulated hypothetical scenarios that eliminated specific gaps in the care cascade, in order to quantify incremental health losses and TB diagnosis and treatment costs along the care cascade. TB-attributable disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were calculated by comparing changes in survival and nonfatal disability to a no-TB counterfactual scenario.We estimated that 90.0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 85.2 to 93.4) of individuals with TB disease initiated treatment and 10.0% (95% UI: 7.6 to 12.5) died with TB. The average number of TB-attributable DALYs per incident TB case varied across Brazil, ranging from 2.9 (95% UI: 2.3 to 3.6) DALYs in Acre to 4.0 (95% UI: 3.3 to 4.7) DALYs in Rio Grande do Sul (national average 3.5 [95% UI: 2.8 to 4.1]). Delayed diagnosis contributed the largest health losses along the care cascade, followed by post-TB sequelae and loss to follow up from TB treatment, with TB DALYs reduced by 71% (95% UI: 65 to 76), 41% (95% UI: 36 to 49), and 10% (95% UI: 7 to 16), respectively, when these factors were eliminated. Total health system costs were largely unaffected by improvements in the care cascade, with elimination of treatment failure reducing attributable costs by 3.1% (95% UI: 1.5 to 5.4). TB diagnosis and treatment of false-positive individuals accounted for 10.2% (95% UI: 3.9 to 21.7) of total programmatic costs but contributed minimally to health losses. Several assumptions were required to interpret programmatic data for the analysis, and we were unable to estimate the contribution of social factors to care cascade outcomes.Conclusions: In this study, we observed that delays to diagnosis, post-disease sequelae and treatment loss to follow-up were primary contributors to the TB burden of disease in Brazil. Reducing delays to diagnosis, improving healthcare after TB cure, and reducing treatment loss to follow-up should be prioritized to improve the burden of TB disease in Brazil.
- 21 March 2024
- Published by Public Library of Science (PLoS) in PLOS Medicine
- Vol. 21 (3) , e1004361
Open AccessQuantifying gaps in the tuberculosis care cascade in Brazil: A mathematical model study using national program data
Background: In Brazil, many individuals with tuberculosis (TB) do not receive appropriate care due to delayed or missed diagnosis, ineffective treatment regimens, or loss-to-follow-up. This study aimed to estimate the health losses and TB program costs attributable to each gap in the care cascade for TB disease in Brazil.Methods and findings: We constructed a Markov model simulating the TB care cascade and lifetime health outcomes (e.g., death, cure, postinfectious sequelae) for individuals developing TB disease in Brazil. We stratified the model by age, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, drug resistance, state of residence, and disease severity, and developed a parallel model for individuals without TB that receive a false-positive TB diagnosis. Models were fit to data (adult and pediatric) from Brazil’s Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) and Mortality Information System (SIM) for 2018. Using these models, we assessed current program performance and simulated hypothetical scenarios that eliminated specific gaps in the care cascade, in order to quantify incremental health losses and TB diagnosis and treatment costs along the care cascade. TB-attributable disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were calculated by comparing changes in survival and nonfatal disability to a no-TB counterfactual scenario.We estimated that 90.0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 85.2 to 93.4) of individuals with TB disease initiated treatment and 10.0% (95% UI: 7.6 to 12.5) died with TB. The average number of TB-attributable DALYs per incident TB case varied across Brazil, ranging from 2.9 (95% UI: 2.3 to 3.6) DALYs in Acre to 4.0 (95% UI: 3.3 to 4.7) DALYs in Rio Grande do Sul (national average 3.5 [95% UI: 2.8 to 4.1]). Delayed diagnosis contributed the largest health losses along the care cascade, followed by post-TB sequelae and loss to follow up from TB treatment, with TB DALYs reduced by 71% (95% UI: 65 to 76), 41% (95% UI: 36 to 49), and 10% (95% UI: 7 to 16), respectively, when these factors were eliminated. Total health system costs were largely unaffected by improvements in the care cascade, with elimination of treatment failure reducing attributable costs by 3.1% (95% UI: 1.5 to 5.4). TB diagnosis and treatment of false-positive individuals accounted for 10.2% (95% UI: 3.9 to 21.7) of total programmatic costs but contributed minimally to health losses. Several assumptions were required to interpret programmatic data for the analysis, and we were unable to estimate the contribution of social factors to care cascade outcomes.Conclusions: In this study, we observed that delays to diagnosis, post-disease sequelae and treatment loss to follow-up were primary contributors to the TB burden of disease in Brazil. Reducing delays to diagnosis, improving healthcare after TB cure, and reducing treatment loss to follow-up should be prioritized to improve the burden of TB disease in Brazil.
- Open Access
- 1 January 2024
- Published by FapUNIFESP (SciELO) in Ciencia & Saude Coletiva
- Vol. 29 (10) , e01622023
Plataforma de Inteligência Cooperativa com a Atenção Primária à Saúde (Picaps): soluções tecnocientíficas em saúde digital no enfrentamento da COVID-19 e outras crises
Resumo A chegada da COVID-19 ao Brasil gerou grande impacto no sistema de saúde, bem como em seus profissionais, com o elevado número de casos e informações constantemente publicadas. Nesse contexto, criou-se a Plataforma de Inteligência Cooperativa para a Atenção Primária à Saúde (Picaps), uma plataforma tecnológica que ajuda a sistematizar os processos de comunicação e negociação de atores, tendo como foco a ciência e a tecnologia. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever os processos da Picaps, sendo esta constituída por um sistema colaborativo concebido como solução pública capaz de gerar inovações nas áreas de ciência, tecnologia e saúde para o enfrentamento da COVID-19 no Distrito Federal (DF). Nela integram-se processos de coleta e tratamento de dados, além da disseminação de informações visando o seu uso tanto em nível governamental quanto em nível societal. A Picaps pode ser vista como um poderoso instrumento governamental para auxiliar sociedades espalhadas pelo país, sobretudo as que se encontram em situação de vulnerabilidade, com capacidade de nortear o uso da inteligência cooperativa em ações de atenção primária e vigilância em saúde para construção de soluções inovadoras como respostas rápidas para o enfrentamento de crises sanitárias em tempos contemporâneos.
- 1 January 2024
- Published by FapUNIFESP (SciELO) in Ciencia & Saude Coletiva
- Vol. 29 (10) , e01622023
Open AccessPlataforma de Inteligência Cooperativa com a Atenção Primária à Saúde (Picaps): soluções tecnocientíficas em saúde digital no enfrentamento da COVID-19 e outras crises
Resumo A chegada da COVID-19 ao Brasil gerou grande impacto no sistema de saúde, bem como em seus profissionais, com o elevado número de casos e informações constantemente publicadas. Nesse contexto, criou-se a Plataforma de Inteligência Cooperativa para a Atenção Primária à Saúde (Picaps), uma plataforma tecnológica que ajuda a sistematizar os processos de comunicação e negociação de atores, tendo como foco a ciência e a tecnologia. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever os processos da Picaps, sendo esta constituída por um sistema colaborativo concebido como solução pública capaz de gerar inovações nas áreas de ciência, tecnologia e saúde para o enfrentamento da COVID-19 no Distrito Federal (DF). Nela integram-se processos de coleta e tratamento de dados, além da disseminação de informações visando o seu uso tanto em nível governamental quanto em nível societal. A Picaps pode ser vista como um poderoso instrumento governamental para auxiliar sociedades espalhadas pelo país, sobretudo as que se encontram em situação de vulnerabilidade, com capacidade de nortear o uso da inteligência cooperativa em ações de atenção primária e vigilância em saúde para construção de soluções inovadoras como respostas rápidas para o enfrentamento de crises sanitárias em tempos contemporâneos.
- Open Access
- 1 January 2024
- Published by FapUNIFESP (SciELO) in Cadernos de Saude Publica
- Vol. 40 (7) , e00123023
Rede nacional de testes moleculares para detecção de Chlamydia trachomatis e Neisseria gonorrhoeae: experiência de implantação-piloto no Brasil
O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer a opinião dos profissionais participantes da implantação-piloto de testes moleculares para detecção de Chlamydia trachomatis e Neisseria gonorrhoeae no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Determinou-se a taxa de detecção de C. trachomatis e/ou N. gonorrhoeae e os fatores associados à infecção. A estratégia contou com laboratórios pertencentes à rede de carga viral de HIV e hepatites virais. A testagem teve como público-alvo pessoas mais vulnerabilizadas às infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, com coleta de amostras de urina e/ou swabs vaginal, endocervical e/ou uretral masculino. Questionários foram enviados aos gestores estaduais e profissionais de laboratório sobre a implantação-piloto. De maneira geral, as avaliações foram positivas. Entre as fraquezas, citou-se dificuldades na mudança do processo de trabalho, carência de recursos humanos, pouca sensibilidade de profissionais da assistência e ausência de tubo primário de urina, único insumo não fornecido. Como fortaleza, destaca-se aquisição centralizada de testes, compartilhamento de equipamentos e armazenamento de amostras à temperatura ambiente. Das 16.177 pessoas testadas, 1.004 (6,21%) foram positivas para C. trachomatis, 1.036 (6,4%) para N. gonorrhoeae e 239 (1,48%) para C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae. A detecção de infecção ocorreu mais em pessoas jovens (≤ 24 vs. > 24 anos) (aOR = 2,65; IC95%: 2,38-2,96), do sexo masculino (aOR = 1,95; IC95%: 1,72-2,21), pardas/pretas (aOR = 1,06; IC95%: 1,05-1,11), na Região Sudeste (aOR = 1,08; IC95%: 1,02-1,13) e em amostras de secreção uretral (aOR = 1,46; IC95%: 1,41-1,52). Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram a importância da disponibilização da testagem em âmbito nacional, os quais subsidiaram a implantação da rede definitiva para detecção de C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae no SUS.
- 1 January 2024
- Published by FapUNIFESP (SciELO) in Cadernos de Saude Publica
- Vol. 40 (7) , e00123023
Open AccessRede nacional de testes moleculares para detecção de Chlamydia trachomatis e Neisseria gonorrhoeae: experiência de implantação-piloto no Brasil
O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer a opinião dos profissionais participantes da implantação-piloto de testes moleculares para detecção de Chlamydia trachomatis e Neisseria gonorrhoeae no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Determinou-se a taxa de detecção de C. trachomatis e/ou N. gonorrhoeae e os fatores associados à infecção. A estratégia contou com laboratórios pertencentes à rede de carga viral de HIV e hepatites virais. A testagem teve como público-alvo pessoas mais vulnerabilizadas às infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, com coleta de amostras de urina e/ou swabs vaginal, endocervical e/ou uretral masculino. Questionários foram enviados aos gestores estaduais e profissionais de laboratório sobre a implantação-piloto. De maneira geral, as avaliações foram positivas. Entre as fraquezas, citou-se dificuldades na mudança do processo de trabalho, carência de recursos humanos, pouca sensibilidade de profissionais da assistência e ausência de tubo primário de urina, único insumo não fornecido. Como fortaleza, destaca-se aquisição centralizada de testes, compartilhamento de equipamentos e armazenamento de amostras à temperatura ambiente. Das 16.177 pessoas testadas, 1.004 (6,21%) foram positivas para C. trachomatis, 1.036 (6,4%) para N. gonorrhoeae e 239 (1,48%) para C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae. A detecção de infecção ocorreu mais em pessoas jovens (≤ 24 vs. > 24 anos) (aOR = 2,65; IC95%: 2,38-2,96), do sexo masculino (aOR = 1,95; IC95%: 1,72-2,21), pardas/pretas (aOR = 1,06; IC95%: 1,05-1,11), na Região Sudeste (aOR = 1,08; IC95%: 1,02-1,13) e em amostras de secreção uretral (aOR = 1,46; IC95%: 1,41-1,52). Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram a importância da disponibilização da testagem em âmbito nacional, os quais subsidiaram a implantação da rede definitiva para detecção de C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae no SUS.