Afef Bohli

The optimization of hydrodynamic conditions in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is critical to enhancing both pollutant removal and electricity generation. This study evaluates the impact of impeller‐driven mixing applied to anaerobic MFCs on biomass suspension, dye degradation, and power output. Activated sludge (100–300 g/L, equivalent to 2.0–6.0 g/L TS) was combined with a synthetic dye solution and operated under stirring speeds of 25, 75, and 125 rpm. A CFD framework based on the Eulerian multiphase approach and the RNG k – ε turbulence model was implemented in ANSYS Fluent to simulate liquid–solid interactions, predict biomass distribution, and compare the results with experimental measurements. CFD predictions aligned closely with measurements (error < 3%). At 125 rpm, a homogeneous sludge suspension was achieved, preventing sedimentation and promoting optimal substrate‐biofilm contact. Under these conditions, dye removal reached 78% and power density increased to 0.951 W/m ² . Reduced stirring (25 rpm) caused biomass accumulation at the bottom, lowering color removal to 35% and power density to 0.231 W/m ² .

Internet of things (IoT)‐based monitoring in aquaculture presents significant challenges in remote, off‐grid environments where conventional power infrastructure is unavailable. Reliable, continuous and environmentally sustainable energy sources are essential for ensuring autonomous sensor operation and data collection integrity. This study proposes a hybrid energy harvesting system that integrates photovoltaic (PV) panels, lithium‐ion batteries and Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) as a novel bioelectrochemical energy source for distributed aquaculture monitoring networks. The MFC subsystem (0.01 L flat‐plate configuration, operating at 4.7 k optimal resistance with optimal generated power up to 6.657 nW) generates bioelectrochemical power for parallel battery supplementation. Experimental evaluation under realistic IoT load conditions demonstrates that the bioelectrochemical‐augmented hybrid system successfully maintains stable autonomous operation while reducing lithium battery discharge burden by 6.1% throughout complete discharge cycles directly extending battery operational lifespan. This reduction decreases electronic waste, minimises carbon footprint through extended battery lifecycle and reduces pollution and environmental burden. This work demonstrates that bioelectrochemical energy integration is technically viable for aquaculture monitoring and similar off‐grid IoT applications, establishing MFCs as a sustainable alternative energy source for greener and more resilient remote sensing infrastructure.

The mass and widespread adoption of connected mobile devices has brought about enormous social changes with significant economic, cultural and technological impacts on a society that is becoming increasingly connected. Therefore, energy efficiency in future mobile generations is becoming increasingly significant for cellular network operators. To realize future green networks based on energy efficient architecture that meets the holistic requirements in terms of capacity, this study presents an overview of the principal driving factors triggered by the next mobile generation, 5G, to fulfil the needed requirements. A detailed discussion of the various advantages and disadvantages of each of these techniques is performed to contribute to understanding how the green radio architecture for future mobile networks can be designed and what challenges may oppose this realization.