Zehra Aytaç

Basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) is a globally consumed herb whose hydroxycinnamic acid esters and flavonoids contribute to dietary antioxidant intake. This study aimed to characterise the phenolic composition, antioxidant capacity, and developmental-stage variability of twelve Turkish basil genotypes grown across three ecologically contrasting sites. Twelve genotypes were evaluated in a two-year field experiment (Year 1 and Year 2) at three ecologically contrasting locations in Türkiye: Bursa, Eskişehir, and Tokat. Agronomic performance, nine-compound HPLC–TOF phenolic profiles (Year 1), total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP) were measured. The effects of developmental stage on the phenolic composition of plants from Bursa (Year 1) were characterised. Location was the dominant source of variation in phenolic quality. Plants from Tokat ranked highest for individual phenolic concentrations (Year 1 HPLC–TOF data) and for all three antioxidant assays (two-year means). Rosmarinic acid varied 4.4-fold (59.0–261.8 mg 100 g⁻¹ DW; Year 1), with the highest values recorded for genotypes R-3k, R-19, R-15, and R-4 from Tokat. ABTS antioxidant capacity was 113% higher in plants from Tokat than in those from Bursa (two-year means: 483 vs. 227 µmol TE g⁻¹ DW). Analysis of rosmarinic acid in plants from Bursa showed an irregular, stage-dependent pattern, whereas TPC remained broadly stable across developmental stages (vegetative to full flowering: +3.9%). The genotype × stage interaction accounted for 44–50% of the total variance. PCA explained 89.3% of the variance across two components, with Tokat combinations separating clearly from those of the other sites. Under the tested field conditions, genotypes R-23 and R-4 emerged as strong candidates for phenolic-acid-targeted cultivation, while Y-15 recorded the highest two-year mean TPC at Tokat.

This study presents a multivariate assessment of the qualitative and quantitative composition of polyphenolic compounds across six Origanum species, including wild and commercial O. majorana, the three other species of section Majorana (O. dubium, O. syriacum and O. onites), and the more distantly related O. minutiflorum and O. vulgare. Methanolic extracts from 657 plants representing 59 populations were analysed by HPLC. A total of 122 constituents were consistently detected, 20 major peaks were selected for detailed evaluation, and eight key constituents were quantified using external standards. Wild O. majorana was characterised by high proportions of arbutin, apigenin 6,8-di-glucopyranoside, luteolin 7-glucuronide, apigenin 7-glucuronide, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, blumeatin, and two additional flavonoid-like constituents requiring further structural elucidation. Principal component analysis separated wild and commercial O. majorana and distinguished O. majorana, the three overlapping clusters of O. onites, O. dubium and O. syriacum, as well as O. minutiflorum and O. vulgare, reflecting marked interspecific differences in dominant compound classes. Origanum majorana and O. vulgare were richer in phenolic acids, whereas O. dubium, O. syriacum, and O. onites contained higher levels of flavonoid glycosides. Several genotypes accumulated exceptionally high concentrations of arbutin, apigenin 6,8-di-glucopyranoside, rosmarinic acid, or salvianolic acid B. These results establish a robust chemotaxonomic framework for distinguishing Origanum species and pinpoint high polyphenol genotypes as candidates for breeding, quality standardisation, and targeted follow-up studies on antioxidant and other bioactivities.

Asparagus olarak isimlendirilen ve genel olarak otsu, çok yıllık ve yüksek ekonomik değere sahip türler barındıran bu cins ortalama 200 tür ile temsil edilmektedir. Asparagus officinalis L. bitkisi diploid 2n=20 kromozomlu, monokotiledon, çift evcikli (dioik) bir bitkidir. Toprak altı kısmında pençe veya taç olarak bilinen rizomlar içerir. Her bir pençenin üst kısmında bulunan tomurcuklardan yukarıya doğru yumuşak sürgünler oluşur. Sürgün (mızrak) denilen bu kısım tüketimde asıl kullanılan parçadır. Sürgünler toprak yüzeyine çıkmadan önce beyaz renktedir, güneş ışığına maruz kalınca yeşil renge dönmektedir. Kuşkonmaz iklim istekleri bakımından seçici bir sebze değildir. Hasat zamanı havanın az yağışlı veya yağışsız geçmesi tercih edilir. Kuşkonmaz bitkisinin yetiştirildiği toprağın drenajının iyi olması, taşlı olmaması ve geçirimsiz tabakanın bulunmaması gerekmektedir. Bitkinin verimi üçüncü ve dördüncü yıllarda artmakta, dördüncü ve onuncu yıllar arasında sabit ve en yüksek seviyeye ulaşarak ekonomik olarak iyi bir gelir elde edilmesini sağlamaktadır. Onuncu yıldan sonra verimde düşüşler görülse de beş yıl kadar daha gelir elde edilebilmektedir. Kuşkonmaz fenolik bileşenler (flavonid, fenolik asit, hidroksisinnamik asit), saponin, sterol, kükürt içeren bileşenler, karotenoidler, fruktooligosakkaritler içermektedir. Rutin, kuşkonmazdaki fenolik bileşiklerin %60-80'ini oluşturan başlıca flavonoiddir. Saponinler ve fruktanlar tümör oluşumunu engelleyici olarak rol oynamakta ve kabızlık ve ishal gibi rahatsızlıkların yanında obezite, kardiyovasküler, romatizma, diyabet riskini azaltmaktadır.

Altınotu bitkisi Asteraceae familyasının Helichrysum cinsine ait yarı çalımsı çok yıllık bir bitkidir. Helichrysum italicum Mill. Türkiye florasında olmamasına rağmen tipik bir Akdeniz bitkisidir. Dünya’da Hırvatistan, Bosna-Hersek, Arnavutluk ve Fransa’da yetiştiriciliği yapılmakla birlikte Türkiye’nin değişik illerinde de yetiştiriciliği yapılmaktadır. H. italicum kuru, kumlu ve kayalık bölgelerde doğal olarak yetişmektedir. Bitki yüksek yaz sıcaklıklarına ve kuraklığa dayanıklıdır. H. italicum hem generatif hemde vejetatif olarak çoğaltılabilmektedir. Ancak tohumları çok küçük olduğu için tohumların viyol ya da kasalara ekilmesi önerilmektedir. Vejetatif olarak ise 1 yıllık sürgünlerden alınan çelikler kullanılmaktadır. Fideler dikildikleri yıl verimleri genellikle düşük olmaktadır. En yüksek verim 3-6. yıllar arasında alınmaktadır. Ortalama taze herba verimi 700-800 kg/da, uçucu yağ verimi ise 0,8-1,2 kg/da arasında değişmektedir. Uçucu yağın önemli bileşenleri nerol, neril asetat, rosifiliol, selinen ve kurkumin türevleridir. Helichrysum cinsleri tarih boyunca geleneksel halk hekimliğinde kullanılmıştır. Genellikle diüretik ve safra düzenleyici olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bunun yanında antimikrobiyal, antibakteriyal, antiviral, antifungal, antioksidan ve antiinflamatuar etkileri olduğu da bilinmektedir. H.italicum bitkisinin uçucu yağları kozmetik sektöründe ve parfümeri sanayinde de kullanılmaktadır. Güney Asya ve Orta Doğu’da et yemeklerinde, taze peynirlerde ve salatalarda köri aroması olarak kullanılmaktadır.

The adoption of suitable irrigation levels (IRL), humic acid doses (HAD) and soil mulching (SM) are important tools for improving the morpho-physiological and biochemical traits of medicinal and aromatic plants. Ocimum basilicum L. cultivated under four IRL: IRL 100 = 100% FC–IRL 75 = 75% FC–IRL 50 = 50% FC–IRL 25 = 25% FC and four HAD: HA 0 = 0.0 Lha⁻¹–HA 10 = 10.0 Lha⁻¹–HA 20 = 20.0 L ha⁻¹–HA 40 = 40.0 L ha⁻¹ were applied in order to evaluate morpho-physiological and biochemical traits under the ecological conditions of Eskişehir in 2016 and 2017. A second trial was conducted with black plastic soil mulch (SM) and compared with the control plots (CP) in 2016. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with split plots and three replications. The plant height (PH), fresh herb yield (FHY), dry herb yield (DHY), dry leaf yield (DLY), protein ratio (PR), and main essential oil compounds (MEOC) of Ocimum basilicum L. increased and the essential oil ratio (EOR) and essential oil yield (EOY) decreased with increasing IRL (IRL 100 and IRL 75). FHY (7268.3 and 7472.7 kg ha⁻¹) and DLY (635.3 and 637.5 kg ha⁻¹) increased with increasing HAD (HA 20 and HA 40) compared to the values of FHY and DLY at HA 0 (6852.6 and 587.0 respectively). The SM application at IRL 50 increased the PH between 8.8 and 13.5%, FHY 11.7 and 16.7%, DLY 22.5 and 29.2%, and at IRL 75 the EOY between 20.0 and 23.9% compared to CP. In addition, PH, FHY, DLY, and EOY were highest at HA 40 and HA 20. The MEOC (linalool, 1,8-cineole, and (E) – β-bergamotene) under SM were more pronounced at IRL 25 and IRL 50 compared to CP. HA particularly improved FHY, DLY, and the main essential oil compounds that can be considered plant biostimulants, which were defined by several studies and regulations.

The effects of humic acid on plant yield, essential oil content, the composition of essential oil and the antimicrobial activity of Origanum vulgare L. subsp. hirtum (Link.) (cv. Tinmaz) cultivated in 2017 and 2018 under Eskisehir ecological conditions were evaluated. Three humic acid (HA) doses in response to 50.0 L ha⁻¹ (HA 50), 30.0 L ha⁻¹ (HA 30) and 0.0 L ha⁻¹ (HA 0, as control) were applied to soil at the vegetative stage and beginning of the blooming stage of the plant throughout each harvest in both years. Essential oil composition was determined using GC-FID/GC-MS. The antibacterial and antifungal activity were determined by the well-diffusion method. Fresh herb yield, dry herb yield and dry leaf yield were highest at HA 50 both years, although essential oil content increased in 2017 at both HA 50 and HA 30, but was greatest at HA 50 in the second year. The essential oil content differences between the control dose and 50.0 L HA ha⁻¹ were 0.46% and 0.42% in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil samples against two bacteria species (Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus) and two yeast species (Candida albicans and Candida parapisilosis) was generally higher than that of the control drugs, and the activity increased with increasing HA doses. Analysis of the essential oil components showed that the carvacrol and γ-Terpinene ratios generally increased as the HA doses increased to 50.0 L HA ha⁻¹. Soil HA applications could be recommended for higher quality, plant yield and antimicrobial activity of Origanum vulgare L. subsp. hirtum.

Cistus (Cistaceae) comprises a number of white- and purple-flowering shrub species widely distributed in the Mediterranean basin. Within genus Cistus, many taxa are subject to various taxonomic uncertainties. Cistus creticus, a prominent member of the purple-flowered clade, is a prime case of the current taxonomic troubles. Floras and databases approve different species names and utilise different or additional/fewer synonyms. Various intraspecific classification systems based on subspecies or varieties are in use. The inconsistent determination of plant material makes it difficult to compare literature regarding the phytochemical diversity and biological activities of plant material and impedes a systematic utilization of the manifold medicinal properties of C. creticus. In the present investigation, we used DNA sequence data from one nuclear region (ITS) and two chloroplast regions (trnL-trnF, rpl32-trnL) to test the intraspecific genetic diversity of C. creticus and its evolutionary relationships to the closely related C. albidus. The combined DNA data confirmed C. creticus as a rather heterogeneous species that integrates two major evolutionary lineages with clearly different genetic characteristics. The ‘Eastern Mediterranean clade’ seems to represent old and ancestral characteristics. This lineage exhibits a close relationship to the geographically distant C. albidus, expressed by very closely related ribotypes and an interspecifically shared chlorotype. The ‘Western Mediterranean clade’ is characterized by a distinctive ITS polymorphism (co-occurring paralogous ribotypes) and more distantly related chlorotypes. The formation of the genetically complex ‘Western Mediterranean clade’ seems to have involved hybridization and recurrent formation or migration movements.

This study was carried out to determine the efficiency of nitrogen (N) doses (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg N ha⁻¹) under supplemental potassium (K) application (50 kg K₂O ha⁻¹) on black cumin in 2011 and 2012. The results showed that increased N levels resulted in increasing seed yield and N and K contents in seed, while oil content decreased. The seed yield and oil yield were peaked at the doses of 60 kg N ha⁻¹and 50 kg K ha⁻¹. An increase in N doses caused a reduction in oil content regardless of K supply. Saturated fatty acids and oleic acid were slightly increased by K application, while minor changes in linoleic acid were detected. It was concluded that 60 kg N ha⁻¹with supplemental K application should be advised for enhancement in seed yield, oil yield, and N and K contents in seeds of black cumin without significant changes in fatty acid composition.

Normal 0 21 false false false TR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Normal Tablo"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:none; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Courier New";} Bu araştırma, aspir bitkisine topraktan ve yapraktan uygulanan çinko (Zn) EDTA (Etilendiamintetraasetik asit) ve Zn sülfat (ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O) kaynaklarının verim ve çinko içeriği üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada çinko kaynakları kontrol, topraktan Zn-EDTA, yapraktan Zn-EDTA, toprak+yapraktan Zn-EDTA, topraktan ZnSO 4 , yapraktan ZnSO 4 , toprak+yapraktan ZnSO 4 şeklinde uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada materyal olarak Remzibey-05 çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Bitkide tabla sayısı ve tane verimi ile birlikte çiçeklenme ve hasat zamanında gövde+yapraklardaki ve tanedeki çinko konsantrasyonu ve içerikleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, farklı çinko kaynakları ve uygulamaları tane verimini kontrole göre artırmıştır. Tane verimi, toprak+yapraktan Zn-EDTA uygulamasıyla, kontrole göre % 21, toprak+yapraktan ZnSO 4 uygulaması ile % 16 oranında arttığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, aspir bitkisine toprak+yapraktan Zn-EDTA uygulamasıyla en yüksek tane verimi ve tane çinko içeriği belirlenmiştir.