Florence Lespiau

It is now well established that lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and other minoritized gender and sexual identities (LGBT+) are more likely to experience lower mental health, in particular high ...

L’apprentissage donne souvent l’impression d’être un processus long et difficile, notamment quand il fait penser à l’école et à la difficulté que tout le monde a déjà ressentie pour maintenir sa motivation pour telle ou telle matière. Pourtant, il y a des choses que l’on apprend sans enseignement. Par exemple, apprendre à parler sa langue maternelle se fait naturellement sans effort conscient. Les connaissances primaires et secondaires sont une façon de distinguer ce qui est facile ou difficile à apprendre. Les connaissances primaires sont celles pour lesquelles nos mécanismes cognitifs auraient évolué, permettant une acquisition sans effort, intuitive et rapide alors que les connaissances secondaires sont apparues récemment : ce sont celles pour lesquelles nous n’aurions pas eu le temps d’évoluer et dont l’acquisition serait longue et coûteuse. Les écoles se focalisent essentiellement sur ce deuxième type de connaissances. Leur défi est de permettre ces apprentissages longs et coûteux, et, pour cela, de maintenir la motivation des apprenants. Une piste de recherche s’appuie sur le fait que les connaissances secondaires sont construites sur la base des connaissances primaires. En effet, personne n’est capable d’enseigner « initialement » une langue maternelle alors que l’apprentissage des langues étrangères s’appuie sur cette première langue. Le présent travail explore le caractère motivant et peu coûteux des connaissances primaires pour faciliter l’apprentissage de la logique en tant que connaissance secondaire. En modifiant la présentation de problèmes logiques avec des habillages liés aux connaissances primaires (e.g., nourriture et caractéristiques d’animaux) ou secondaires (e.g., règles de grammaire, mathématiques), huit premières expériences ont permis de mettre en avant les effets positifs des connaissances primaires que le contenu soit familier ou non. Les résultats montrent que les connaissances primaires favorisent la performance, l’investissement émotionnel, la confiance dans les réponses et diminuent la charge cognitive perçue. Quant aux connaissances secondaires, elles semblent miner la motivation des participants et générer une sensation de conflit parasite. De plus, présenter des problèmes avec un habillage de connaissances primaires en premier permettrait de réduire les effets délétères des connaissances secondaires présentées ensuite et aurait un impact positif global. Trois autres expériences ont alors mis ces résultats à l’épreuve de tâches d’apprentissage afin de proposer une approche qui favorise l’engagement des apprenants et leur apprentissage. Ces découvertes tendent à montrer que les recherches sur l’apprentissage bénéficieraient à prendre en considération les connaissances primaires plutôt que de les négliger car elles sont « déjà apprises ».

Cognitive load theory (Sweller et al

Geary's evolutionary approach in educational psychology differentiates between primary (low cognitive costs and motivational advantage) and secondary knowledge (high cognitive costs and no motivational benefit). Although these features have been well demonstrated in previous work, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To investigate it, in a reasoning task, the present study varies (i) the content of the problems (primary knowledge vs. secondary; e.g., food vs. grammar rules), (ii) the intrinsic cognitive load (conflict or non-conflict syllogism, the former requiring more cognitive resources to be properly processed than the latter) and (iii) the extraneous cognitive load (via a Dot Memory Task with three modalities: low, medium and high cognitive load). Analyses assessed the influence of these variables on performance, problem solving speed and perceived cognitive load. Results confirmed the positive impact of primary knowledge on efficiency, particularly when intrinsic cognitive load was high. Surprisingly, the extraneous cognitive load did not influence the performance in secondary knowledge content but that in primary knowledge content: the higher the additional load was, the better the performance was, only for primary knowledge and especially for syllogisms with high intrinsic load. Findings support evolutionary theory as secondary knowledge would overload cognitive resources, preventing participants from allocating sufficient resources to solve problems. Primary knowledge would allow participants to process the additional load and to increase their performance despite this. This study also raises the hypothesis that a minimum cognitive load is necessary for participants to be invested in the task.

Background: There is ample evidence that most children do not perform enough physical activity (PA). To address this major public health problem, the French government implemented 30 minutes of daily PA (DPA) at schools but did not provide any supplemental resources or concrete guidance. Considering both children’s interest in video games and the need for teachers to complete their curriculum, the use of a learning-based exergame that combines PA and learning appears particularly relevant. Objective: The first objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of implementing 30 minutes of DPA through exergaming among school-age children. The second objective was to examine the effects of an exergaming program on physical literacy, academic learning, and soft skills (motivation, self-efficacy, and concentration). Methods: This interventional study had a pre-post design and used the Play LÜ exergame platform. The study included 79 children with a mean age of 8.9 (SD 1.2) years from grade 2 (7 years old) to grade 5 (11 years old). Play LÜ requires players to throw balls against a wall to reach a target or to activate an object and provides an interactive game area for educational activities linked to specific learning themes. After a 4-session familiarization phase during which the teachers chose to prioritize mathematics learning in 30-minute DPA sessions, students took part in DPA sessions over a period of 3 weeks with Play LÜ and a motor skills circuit behind the LÜ setup to keep them continuously active. All sessions were carried out by PA specialists. Each session started with a warm-up using the Grööve application, continued with main activities promoting mathematics learning adapted to each grade level, and ended with a 3-minute meditation for returning to a calm and serene state using the Gaïa application. Before (T0) and after (T1) the program, students completed a self-evaluation booklet to assess their levels of physical literacy, academic performance, and soft skills. Results: The implementation of this exergaming program was welcomed by the school’s administration, teaching staff, and parents. After the program, we observed increased scores for physical literacy (difference +2.6, percentage change +3.6%; W=933.0; P=.002; rrb=−0.39, 95% CI −0.58 to −0.16) and motivation in mathematics (+0.7, +9.8%; W=381.5; P=.005; rrb=−0.44, 95% CI −0.66 to −0.16). In addition, it is important to note that some measures progressed differently across learning levels and age groups. Conclusions: The study results indicate positive impacts of learning-based exergaming on physical literacy and motivation in mathematics among school-age children.

BACKGROUND There is ample evidence that most children do not perform enough physical activity (PA). To address this major public health problem, the French government implemented 30 minutes of daily PA (DPA) at schools but did not provide any supplemental resources or concrete guidance. Considering both children’s interest in video games and the need for teachers to complete their curriculum, the use of a learning-based exergame that combines PA and learning appears particularly relevant. OBJECTIVE The first objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of implementing 30 minutes of DPA through exergaming among school-age children. The second objective was to examine the effects of an exergaming program on physical literacy, academic learning, and soft skills (motivation, self-efficacy, and concentration). METHODS This interventional study had a pre-post design and used the Play LÜ exergame platform. The study included 79 children with a mean age of 8.9 (SD 1.2) years from grade 2 (7 years old) to grade 5 (11 years old). Play LÜ requires players to throw balls against a wall to reach a target or to activate an object and provides an interactive game area for educational activities linked to specific learning themes. After a 4-session familiarization phase during which the teachers chose to prioritize mathematics learning in 30-minute DPA sessions, students took part in DPA sessions over a period of 3 weeks with Play LÜ and a motor skills circuit behind the LÜ setup to keep them continuously active. All sessions were carried out by PA specialists. Each session started with a warm-up using the Grööve application, continued with main activities promoting mathematics learning adapted to each grade level, and ended with a 3-minute meditation for returning to a calm and serene state using the Gaïa application. Before (T0) and after (T1) the program, students completed a self-evaluation booklet to assess their levels of physical literacy, academic performance, and soft skills. RESULTS The implementation of this exergaming program was welcomed by the school’s administration, teaching staff, and parents. After the program, we observed increased scores for physical literacy (difference +2.6, percentage change +3.6%; W=933.0; P=.002; rrb=−0.39, 95% CI −0.58 to −0.16) and motivation in mathematics (+0.7, +9.8%; W=381.5; P=.005; rrb=−0.44, 95% CI −0.66 to −0.16). In addition, it is important to note that some measures progressed differently across learning levels and age groups. CONCLUSIONS The study results indicate positive impacts of learning-based exergaming on physical literacy and motivation in mathematics among school-age children.

University students are a vulnerable population, and many recent studies show that anxiety, depressive symptoms, and academic burnout have been on the increase since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings point to a need for interventions to reduce these difficulties. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of 2 formats of an innovative program on students’ mental health (anxiety, depressive symptoms, and academic burnout), intolerance of uncertainty, learned helplessness, and learning. Our sample was composed of 105 university students, recruited on a voluntary basis. They were divided into 3 groups: online intervention group (n = 36), face-to-face intervention group (n = 32), and control group (n = 37). The following variables were measured through online questionnaires: anxiety and depressive symptoms, academic burnout, intolerance of uncertainty, learned helplessness, perceived social support, learning strategies, and beliefs. There were 2 assessments 10 weeks apart (ie, before and after the program in the case of the 2 intervention groups). We performed nonparametric analyses to run comparisons between the 2 assessment timepoints in each group. Results showed that participants in the 2 intervention groups had lower levels of learned helplessness and intolerance of uncertainty at the end of the program. Furthermore, participants in the face-to-face group reported higher levels of perceived social support, academic self-efficacy, and help-seeking strategies. The present study highlighted the benefits of our innovative program, especially its face-to-face format. Clinical Trial - ID: NCT04978194.