Michal Balberg

Cochlear implant (CI) users with prelingual deafness (hearing impairment started before language development was completed) show variable speech-in-noise (SIN) understanding. The present study aimed to assess cortical activation patterns to speech-in-quiet (SIQ) and SIN in prelingual CI users and compared to individuals with normal hearing (NH), using functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). Participants included 15 NH who listened to natural speech, 15 NH who listened via 8-channel noise-excited vocoder, and 14 prelingual CI users. fNIRS data were collected in a block design that included three conditions: SIQ, SIN in a signal-to-noise ratio of 0 dB, and noise. Speech reception thresholds in noise (SRTn) were also assessed. Results revealed different patterns of activation between the NH and CI participants in channels covering mainly the right and left middle temporal gyrus (MTG), depending on the SRTn of the CI users. Specifically, while the NH group showed large response to SIQ and SIN in the MTG areas, prelingual CI users with poor SRTn showed significantly smaller response to SIQ, and inversed response (a reduction in activation) to SIN in the same brain areas. These novel findings support the notion that the MTG can serve as a neural marker for speech understanding in CI patients.

We developed a new method to identify the separate cellular compartments in the optical path delay (OPD) maps of un-labeled spermatozoa. This was conducted by comparing OPD maps of fixed, un-labeled spermatozoa to bright field images of the same cells following labeling. The labeling enabled us to identify the acrosomal and nuclear compartments in the corresponding OPD maps of the cells. We then extracted the refractive index maps of fixed cells by dividing the OPD maps of spermatozoa by the corresponding thickness maps of the same cells, obtained with AFM. Finally, the dry mass of the head, nucleus and acrosome of un-labeled immobile spermatozoa, was measured. This method provides the ability to quantitatively measure the dry mass of cellular compartments within human spermatozoa. We expect that these measurements will assist label-free selection of sperm cells for fertilization.