Alexey Pankratov

This study is devoted to the analysis of the transformation of the territorial-sectoral structure of the economic potential (revenue) of the electronics industry of the Russian Federation in 2020–2024. Based on the analysis of data from the “SPARK-Interfax” system, the dynamics of the revenue of enterprises of the Russian electronics industry is considered, including in the context of its key industries—the production of computers, radar equipment, measuring instruments, communications equipment, etc. Based on the calculations, a trend of growth in the revenue of enterprises of the Russian electronics industry was revealed, which may be due to import substitution processes, as well as close cooperation of the electronics industry and the implementation of joint projects with enterprises of the defense industry complex. As part of the analysis of the territorial-sectoral structure of the revenue of the Russian electronics industry, it was found that the territorial structure of the economic potential of the industry has remained stable in recent years with the presence of a clearly expressed territorial leader—Moscow, which concentrates more than 33 % of the industry’s revenue. In the period 2020–2024, a trend of increasing territorial diversification of the electronics industry in the context of regions of Russia was revealed. In particular, the number of regions whose contribution to the revenue of the Russian electronics industry increased over the study period amounted to 52 regions. The industry structure of the revenue of the electronics industry is characterized by a high level of diversification—among all sub-sectors of the electronics industry, the maximum share of each individual industry does not exceed 17 %. In recent years, among the sub-sectors of the electronics industry in terms of revenue, the production of radar and radio navigation equipment has come out on top (16.2 % of the industry’s revenue in 2024), while the leader of previous years—the sub-sector of computer and peripheral equipment production—dropped to 3rd place (10.2 % of the industry’s revenue in 2024). Taking into account the current state and dynamics of the territorial organization of the economic potential of the Russian electronics industry, the identified trends in its transformation in the period 2020–2024, expert assessments of further changes in the situation in the area under consideration have been formed, recommendations have been proposed for the development and subsequent implementation of an effective state regional policy in the field of development and support of the Russian electronics industry.

Introduction. Contemporary climate change is causing changes in the temperature of permafrost soils. These changes significantly affect the condition of the foundations of civil and industrial buildings and structures leading to their deformation and destruction. The degradation of permafrost currently occurring and expected to continue over the next 15–20 years requires improvements in thermal management technologies and additional cooling of foundation soils used in Principle 1 (or the Passive method) for construction on permafrost soils.Aim. To examine various methods for thermal stabilization of frozen soils in cryolite zones, the operation principles of these methods, along with examples of their application in diverse climatic conditions.Results. The operating principles of domestic and foreign thermal stabilizers are considered. The key strengths and weaknesses of modern cooling device technologies are analyzed. Demand and supply for thermal stabilizers on the Russian market are assessed. A unified approach to their use in cryolite zones is justified.Conclusions. Geotechnical calculations require clear scenarios for specific small climatic regions. Additionally, reference data on soil temperatures, which are essential for designing and monitoring buildings and structures, are unavailable. Although thermosyphon foundations have been used successfully for over 40 years, they could soon become obsolete due to global warming. Therefore, technical regulations for the construction of thermosyphon foundations should be developed and adopted. These regulations would cover the design, construction, and operation of thermosyphon foundations.

The study presents the analysis of the current state of the Russian electronic industry conducted on the basis of data from Rosstat, SPARK-Interfax system, Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia, Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, reports and materials from Electronics Developers and Manufacturers Association, and other data and sources of information. The authors have analyzed the key indicators of the electronic industry of the Russian Federation including its structure, development dynamics, the place of the Russian electronic industry in the global industry, territorial organization by region of Russia, and identified the key enterprises of the industry. Special attention is paid to identifying the problems of development of electronic industry differentiated in two main directions: market problems and issues of the state regulation of the industry. Market problems include high level of import dependence of the Russian electronics industry, impossibility to develop industrial technological basis of electronic industry in the conditions of open competition with world manufacturers, high level of dependence of the electronic industry on the domestic market capacity. The regulation issues include the quality and effectiveness of executive authorities that control development of the Russian electronic industry as well as low level of thoroughness and validity of strategizing the development of the Russian electronic industry. On the basis of the analysis conducted, the authors provide management recommendations aimed at improving the economic situation in the Russian electronic industry, increasing the degree of controllability and manageability of its development by the executive authorities. The key recommendations involve the necessity for finding new approaches to development of domestic electronics, developing a practice-oriented industry strategy agreed with all the interested parties that are involved in creating specialized managerial structures aimed at adapting military electronics developments to the needs of the civilian sector. The results of the study can be used by government authorities, experts and other organizations in development and implementation of industrial policy at the federal and regional levels.

The domestic IT sector needs new strategic approaches to form the national technological foundation for the Russian IT industry that would fulfil the tasks of national security, import substitution, and technological sovereignty. The authors analyzed federal documents on strategic planning that control the Russian IT sector. The industrial disunity of these documents proved to be a major problem: it resulted in a segmented approach to supporting the IT development. The current instruments of state support are governed by the stimulating approach to the IT sector as a whole and its areas. In the current conditions, this measure is not enough to resolve the problems related to the development of domestic IT products and services. Based on the current situation analysis and the problems identified, the author proposed a new strategic approach to the IT sector development. It aims at designing a single complex strategy that covers all industries of the Russian IT sector. As a result, the state support system should move from its current stimulating paradigm to a program-targeted one.

This study is devoted to the macroeconomic and territorial analysis of the budget efficiency of the implementation of the tax maneuver in the IT industry, which came into force at the beginning of 2021, in terms of reducing the profit tax for IT companies. After the first four years of the tax break regime, it is possible to carry out some general assessments of the economic performance from the implementation of such transformations, as well as to study their territorial manifestation. The study proposes a methodological approach to the indicative assessment of the economic budget efficiency of the tax maneuver, based on the analysis of statistical data of Russian IT companies provided by the SPARK-Interfax system, namely the dynamics of the volume of profit tax paid by Russian IT companies in 2021-2022, its relationship with the dynamics of revenue and net profit. These parameters were also considered for the electronics industry, which cooperates with the IT industry, and whose enterprises fell under the tax break regime somewhat later, in July 2022. The study analyzed the territorial activity of the tax maneuver implementation, and identified the regions whose IT enterprises took the most advantage of the tax breaks provided by the state. The estimates were compared with the dynamics of the territorial development of the IT sector, based on which the relationships between the territorial organization of the economic potential of the IT sector and the possible impact of the tax break regime on its spatial transformations were identified. Taking into account the results obtained, conclusions and recommendations were formed for the development and implementation of state regional policy aimed at ensuring balanced territorial development of the Russian IT industry.

The proposed study is dedicated to the analysis of existing approaches to developing ratings of Russian regions according to the level of development of the IT industry. The relevance of the study is determined by the high strategic importance of the software industry for the development of the Russian economy, its innovative orientation, the need to develop effective public policy in the area under study, as well as a systematically realistic assessment of the current state and level of development of the IT industry on the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The complexity of a representative ranking of Russian regions according to the level of development of the software industry is determined by the lack of detailed and reliable statistical data reflecting the performance indicators of the Russian IT industry, the influence of extraterritorial factors in the location of the production potential of the IT industry, as well as the high spatial mobility of both IT companies and IT specialists. The study examines a methodological approach to forming a rating of Russian regions according to the level of development of the software design industry, elaborated by the Association of software development companies “Russoft”. Based on this approach, the study proposes an additional list of statistical indicators identified taking into account the competitiveness factors of the Russian IT industry, on the basis of which a methodological approach is developed for rating regions by the level of development of the IT industry. As part of the study, the proposed methodological approach is tested, the results obtained are compared with the results of the rating of Russian regions of “Russoft”, groups of constituent entities of the Russian Federation are classified by the level of development of the software industry, and the differences identified are analyzed and interpreted. The results obtained as part of the study can be used by research and expert analytical organizations as part of the development of methodological tools for assessing the level of development of the Russian IT industry in the context of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, federal and regional executive authorities when preparing strategic documents in the field of development of the Russian IT industry, modeling the state support instruments, as well as identifying priority industry areas and territorial centers for the development of the Russian IT industry.

The research presented in the article is dedicated to the analysis of the transformation of the territorial-industrial structure of revenue in the Russian IT sector in 2019–2022. Based on the analysis of data from the “SPARK-Interfax” system, the dynamics of revenue of enterprises in the Russian IT industry is examined in the context of its key industries—software development and activities in the field of information technology. The analysis also considered the computer, electronic and optical products manufacturing industry, which does not belong to the collective grouping of the IT industry, but is part of the collective grouping of the information and communications technology (ICT) sector. Based on the calculations carried out, a general trend towards an increase in the concentration of the economic potential of the IT sector of the Russian Federation in its largest centers, which have the most favorable conditions for its development, has been identified. As part of the study, a classification of regions of Russia specialized in the IT industry with a contribution of more than 0.5 % to the total revenue of the IT sector of the Russian Federation in 2022 is proposed, territorial groups of regions are considered and their key features are described. In relation to the revenue of IT companies in the context of regions of Russia, the Herfindahl-Hirschman index was calculated, reflecting the level of concentration (monopolization) of the IT industry in the regions of Russia. Taking into account the current state and dynamics of the territorial organization of the economic potential of the Russian IT industry, the identified trends in its transformation in the period 2019–2022, expert assessments of further changes in the situation in the area under consideration were made, practice-oriented recommendations were proposed for the development and subsequent implementation of effective state regional policy in areas of development and support of the Russian IT industry.

The Pechoro-Kara region occupies a special place in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation as the centre of hydrocarbon exploration, which is the main Russian export. At the same time, this is the area with the highest climate risks on the Arctic coast of Russia. The study aims to estimate the value of buildings and structures planned for construction as part of large investment projects in the coastal areas of the Pechora and Kara Seas by the mid-21st century. Regulatory documents, data from official websites and investment portals of various companies and public authorities were examined to create a database of 36 investment projects in the mining and manufacturing industries, transport scheduled to be commissioned in 2017–2050. The authors’ method analyses the time series of indicators of investment in fixed capital and new fixed assets, as well as the structure of fixed assets in the examined industries. Calculations reveal that after the construction phase of each of the projects under consideration, new fixed assets amounting to 8.2 trillion roubles are expected. These include buildings and structures of the mining industry (approximately 6.2 trillion roubles), transport (0.8 trillion roubles), manufacturing industry (0.1 trillion roubles). As an example, the obtained results were compared with the forecast of thermal abrasion and ice-gouging hazards on the coasts of the Pechora and Kara seas. The estimated value of fixed assets that will be located in areas of maximum risk is about 4 trillion roubles (in 2023 prices). This finding confirms the urgent need for early implementation of adaptation protective measures during the construction and operation of infrastructure in order to minimise potential damage.

The proposed study is devoted to the analysis of the current state of the Russian IT industry, the identification of key trends and problems in the area under consideration. Within the framework of the article, the issue of determining the types of economic activities related to the IT sector is being worked out, as well as the key resulting indicators of the activity of the IT industry of the Russian Federation, such as the number of IT companies and their revenue in the context of key industry areas of the IT sector and constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The results obtained on the basis of the aggregation of statistical data of the “SPARK-Interfax” system are compared with existing estimates and indicators of the current state of the IT industry in the Russian Federation, problems and causes of significant discrepancies in heterogeneous estimates are identified, and approaches to solving these problems are proposed. The article notes the predominance of the service and infrastructure orientation of the Russian IT industry and the secondary importance of the production and technological component, which leads to the predominance in modern Russian studies of the study of derivative issues of the development of the IT sector—informatization and digitalization of society and the economy, the development of the Internet and the provision of public services in electronic form. An analysis of the territorial organization of the Russian IT industry reveals the problems of its overconcentration in the most developed centers of economic activity and generates recommendations for the state regional policy, which should include a set of tools aimed at smoothing existing spatial differences in terms of localization and concentration of the economic potential of the Russian IT industry.

The study develops an approach to the classification of economy sectors according to the degree of their potential technogenic danger to the population. The article provides a brief analysis of the history of the RF legislation in the field of industrial safety, and a review of current regulatory legal documents. The existing classifications of hazardous facilities were analyzed based on domestic and foreign studies. Industries and types of economic activity were classified according to the degree of their potential danger. The sectors with the highest hazard class include coal mining; production of coke and oil products; chemical products; rubber and plastic products; metallurgical production; provision of electricity, gas and steam; air conditioning. The sectors with the middle class of danger are the extraction of oil and natural gas, metal ores; production of foodstuff, drinks, tobacco products; production of paper; production of medicines and materials used for medical purposes; production of other non-metallic mineral products; sub-sectors of mechanical engineering, water supply and sanitation, transport, scientific research, etc. The proposed approach was tested in Moscow and it became clear that there are 635 enterprises operating in the city that have a type of economic activity classified as medium or high hazard class, they employ about 241 thousand people (as in 2020), and most of them (more than 90%) work at enterprises belonging to medium-hazardous industries. According to mobile operators’ data it was find out that up to a quarter of the Moscow population is daily concentrated in the areas of potential technogenic danger, which is significantly higher than indicated in official documents. Increased actual concentration of population in places of greatest danger is a serious problem from the point of view of ensuring the safety of citizens, and organizing rescue and evacuation measures in case of emergencies.