I. E. Smirnova

I. E. Smirnova

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I. E. Smirnova has a total of 60 co-authors. Here are the top co-authors by number of shared publications:


Latest Publications

  • Open Access

    Engineering Plant-Associated Soil Microbiomes for Sustainable and Climate-Resilient Agriculture: Mechanisms, Technologies, and Applications

    by Amankeldi K. Sadanov, Gul Baimakhanova, Baiken B. Baimakhanova, Saltanat Orazymbet, Irina Ratnikova, Irina Smirnova, Nurgul Mamytova, Raikhan Sydykbekova, Bekzhan D. Kossalbayev, Gulzat S. Aitkaliyeva, et al.

    Soil microbiomes are essential for nutrient cycling, plant health, stress resilience, and sustainable agriculture. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing, multi-omics technologies, systems biology, and artificial intelligence (AI) have transformed our understanding of plant–microbiome interactions and enabled the development of innovative microbiome engineering strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms governing plant-associated soil microbiome assembly, microbial community functions, plant–microbe communication, and microbiome-mediated stress resistance in agricultural ecosystems. Current approaches to plant-associated soil microbiome manipulation and engineering, including microbial inoculants, synthetic microbial communities (SynComs), microbiome transplantation, rhizosphere steering, and synthetic biology-based interventions, are critically examined. The review further discusses the growing role of metagenomics, metabolomics, metatranscriptomics, machine learning (ML), and precision agriculture technologies in improving microbiome characterization, prediction, and management. Particular attention is given to the application of microbiome-based solutions for sustainable crop production, nutrient management, biological control, climate-smart agriculture, and ecosystem restoration. Despite significant progress, challenges related to field-scale variability, colonization stability, biosafety, regulatory frameworks, and data integration continue to limit large-scale implementation. Future advances in precision microbiome engineering are expected to combine ecological principles, multi-omics technologies, AI, and synthetic biology to develop predictive and resilient microbiome-based solutions for sustainable and climate-resilient agriculture.

  • Association of salt-tolerant bacteria to support the growth of pasture grasses on saline soils

    by Irina Smirnova, Amankeldi Sadanov, Gul Baimakhanova, Marat Aldabergenov, Yaira Rakhmetova

    Soil salinization poses a serious threat to agriculture, as it causes soil degradation, negatively impacts crops, and reduces productivity. For Kazakhstan, the development of pasture livestock farming plays a key role in the country's economy, providing the population with essential food products. Soil salinization significantly reduces the forage value of pastures, as it leads to the displacement of valuable forage grasses by salt-tolerant weeds. A promising solution to this problem is the use of rhizobacteria, which promote grass growth in saline soils, thereby increasing the forage value of pastures. The aim of this study was to select salt-tolerant bacteria, study their ability to stimulate pasture grass growth under conditions of high salt stress, and create an effective association based on them to support growth in saline soils. Phosphate-solubilizing and nitrogen-fixing bacteria were isolated from saline pasture soils in the South-East of Kazakhstan, their salt tolerance was studied, and the most resistant strains were selected. It was shown that the bacteria actively fix atmospheric nitrogen and dissolve phosphates under salt stress. The ability of the bacteria to produce secondary metabolites (phytohormone and ACC deaminase), which relieve salt stress and promote plant growth, was established. Active bacterial strains were selected, and an effective association was created. Application of the association more than tripled the yield of green mass, which is an effective method for increasing grass productivity in saline pastures. Based on the bacterial association, it is planned to develop a biofertilizer for saline soils.

  • Open Access

    ВЛИЯНИЕ РАСТЕНИЙ-ФИТОМЕЛИОРАНТОВ И КОНСОРЦИУМА СОЛЕУСТОЙЧИВЫХ БАКТЕРИЙ НА СОЛЕВОЙ РЕЖИМ ПОЧВ

    by И.э. Смирнова, Г.б. Баймаханова, М.к. Алдабергенов, Я.у. Рахметова

    Во всем мире отмечается рост засоления почв, которое отрицательно влияет на продуктивность культур и представляет серьезную угрозу продовольственной безопасности стран. Целью работы было изучение влияния консорциума солетолерантных азотфиксирующих и фосфатмобилизующих бактерий на рост и развитие растений-фитомелиорантов в условиях солевого стресса и исследование совместного влияния растений-фитомелиорантов и консорциума бактерий на солевой режим почв. В качестве растений-фитомелиорантов использовали донник желтый (Melilotus officinalis L.), житняк (Agropyron cristatum L.) и люцерну (Medicago sativa L.). В опытах использовали два солетолерантных штамма азотфиксирующих и фосфатмобилизующих бактерий. В результате проведенных исследований показано, что применение консорциума бактерий для инокуляции семян повышает всхожесть, стимулирует рост и увеличивает урожайность зеленой массы растений-фитомелиорантов на засоленной почве. Установлено, что подсев семян растений-фитомелиорантов в старовозрастную дернину оказывает высокий мелиоративный эффект и положительно влияет на рассоление почв. Показано, что одновременное применение растений-фитомелиорантов и консорциума бактерий больше влияет на процесс рассоления почв. Таким образом, совместное применение растений-фитомелиорантов и консорциума бактерий является реальным путем мелиорации деградированных почв, снижения засоленности и будет способствовать повышению урожайности сельскохозяйственных культур на засоленных почвах.

  • Top Cited Papers
    Open Access

    Microorganism-Based Biological Products for Agriculture: From Strain Selection to Production Organization

    by Amankeldi K. Sadanov, Gul Baimakhanova, Baiken B. Baimakhanova, Saltanat Orazymbet, Irina A. Ratnikova, Irina Smirnova, Gulzat S. Aitkaliyeva, Ayaz M. Belkozhayev, Bekzhan D. Kossalbayev

    Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) and microbial biocontrol agents have emerged as key tools for improving crop productivity while maintaining environmental sustainability. However, central questions remain regarding which factors determine their consistent field performance and how these factors interact under real agronomic conditions. Previous research has demonstrated that PGPMs enhance nutrient acquisition, regulate phytohormone balance, improve stress tolerance, and suppress plant pathogens through diverse biochemical and ecological mechanisms. Advances in omics technologies, genome mining, and synthetic microbial communities have further expanded understanding of their functional potential. Nevertheless, many studies rely on laboratory-scale experiments or short-term trials, with limited multi-season and cross-regional validation. This gap contributes to inconsistent field outcomes and restricts large-scale agricultural adoption. Long-term multi-season validation and reproducibility assessment remain essential priorities for improving reliability of microbial agricultural products. This review synthesizes recent advances in PGPM-based biofertilizers and microbial biocontrol technologies, critically examining their mechanisms of action, scalability constraints, formulation challenges, and regulatory limitations. It identifies major translational barriers, including context dependency, mechanistic uncertainties, reproducibility gaps, and insufficient systems-level integration.


  • Open Access

    Salt-Tolerant Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria from Saline Soils: Phosphate Mobilization Mechanism

    by Irina Smirnova, Amankeldi Sadanov, Gul Baimakhanova, Zere Turlybayeva, Mereke Alimzhanova

    Soil salinity is a significant constraint on agricultural productivity and disturbs the availability of nutritional elements necessary for plants, such as phosphorus. Microorganisms have specialized adaptation features, such as tolerance to salt, stimulation of growth, and the ability to promote plant survival under saline conditions. The objectives of this investigation were to isolate new salt-tolerant, phosphate-solubilizing bacterial strains, assess their phosphate-solubilizing activity, and investigate the mechanisms of phosphate mobilization under salinity stress. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria were isolated from saline pasture soils in southeastern Kazakhstan, and their salt tolerance and phosphate-solubilizing activity were identified. Three highly active strains were selected and identified by Sanger-based molecular genetic analysis: Enterobacter cloacae FY3, Pseudomonas putida FT4, and Bacillus megaterium F7A. Organic acid production by these strains under salt stress was analyzed using gas chromatography. The results indicated that the strains produced 12 organic acids, with differences in composition and amount between strains. The most important phosphate solubilization mechanism under salinity stress is the secretion of organic acids. Organic acid secretion, pH reduction, and increased soluble phosphorus content were positively correlated. These findings provide an effective method for phosphorus mobilization in salt soils, and the recovered strains are likely candidates for making biofertilizers applicable to salt environments. These new strains are candidates for the development of biofertilizers for saline soils.


  • Open Access

    Pharmacological effects and bio-active compounds of Plantago major

    by Aknur Turgumbayeva, Baiken Baimakhanova, Amankeldi Sadanov, Saltanat Orasymbet, Alma Amangeldi, Irina Ratnikova, Gul Baimakhanova, Irina Smirnova, Lyudmila Trenozhnikova, Jamilya Assilbayeva, et al.

    The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the research conducted on the chemical constituents and biological characteristics of Plantago major, Plantaginaceae. Methods: A comprehensive search of scientific databases, including Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Researchgate and other online collections were extensively utilized. For efficient re-trieval, specific keywords like “Plantaginaceae”, “Plantago major bio-active compounds ”, “Plantago major. phyto-chemicals”, “Plantago major L. pharmacological activities”, and “Plantago major’’ traditional uses”. Results: The medicinal benefits of herbal plants are recognized worldwide, and numerous scientific studies have been conducted to validate their effectiveness. Additionally, the emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms in recent years has prompted researchers to investigate the effects of medicinal plants on these pathogens. Plantago major one a such plant the healing properties have been acknowledged worldwide for numerous years. This particular plant contains various potent chemical compounds, including alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, fatty acids, polysaccharides, vitamins, phenolic acid derivatives, and iridoid glycosides. These constituents contribute to its therapeutic effects and its wide range of medicinal qualities, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and anti-ulcer properties. The main objective of this review is to highlight the potential use of Plantago major extracts as herbal remedies and explore their extensive therapeutic capabilities. Conclusion: Plantago major plays a significant role in the treatment of various diseases and specific health conditions, including diarrhoea, ulcers, bacterial infections, inflammation, and cancer. Research has demonstrated that this plant contains multiple classes of essential bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, fatty acids, vitamins, iridoid glycosides, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds like caffeic acid. The therapeutic properties and biological activity of Plantago major are largely attributed to these active chemical components. However, further research is needed to fully understand the precise mechanisms and activities of the primary bioactive compounds responsible for treating specific diseases.


  • SELECTION OF NUTRIENT SOURCES FOR CULTIVATION OF SALT TOLERANT PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA

    by I.E. Smirnovа, A.K. Sadanov, Sh.A. Babaeva, G.B. Baimakhanova, E.R. Fayzulina, L.G. Tatarkina, G.A. Spankulova, Z.ZH. Turlybayeva, Y.U. Rakhmetova, N. Damenova

    To develop a biofertilizer based on salt-tolerant phosphate-solubilizing bacteria that can improve phosphorus nutrition and mitigate salt stress of pasture grasses, high profitability of its production is necessary. One of the ways to reduce production costs is to select optimal food sources to increase the yield of bacterial biomass. The purpose of this study was to select a source of carbon and nitrogen for the cultivation of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in order to increase the productivity of biomass with high phosphate solubilization activity. The selection of sources of carbon and nitrogen nutrition for two salt-tolerant phosphate-solubilizing strains of bacteria was carried out. It has been established that the optimal sources of carbon nutrition are glucose, and the optimal sources of nitrogen are ammonium sulfate. On media with these sources, an increased yield of bacterial biomass and maximum phosphate solubilization activity were founded. Для разработки биоудобрения на основе солетолерантных фосфатмобилизующих бактерий, способных улучшать фосфорное питание и смягчать солевой стресс пастбищных трав, необходима высокая ренатабельность его производства. Одним из путей снижения затрат производства является подбор оптимальных источников питания для повышения выхода биомассы бактерий. Целью данного исследования являлся побор источников углерода и азота для культивирования фосфатмобилизующихбактерий с целью повышения выхода биомассы с высокой активностью мобилизации фосфатов. Проведен подбор источников углеродного и азотного питания для двух солетолерантных фосфатмобилизующих штаммов бактерий. Установлено, что оптимальными источниками углеродного питания является глюкоза, азотного – сернокислый аммоний. На питательных средах с этими источниками отмечали повышенный выход биомассы бактерий и максимальную активность мобилизации фосфатов.

  • ISOLATION OF PHOSPHATE MOBILIZING SALT TOLERANT BACTERIA FROM SALINY PASTURE SOILS AND SELECTION OF THE MOST PROMISING STRAINS

    by I.E. Smirnovа, A.K. Sadanov, Sh.A. Babaeva, G.B. Baimakhanova, E.R. Fayzulina, L.G. Tatarkina, G.A. Spankulov, Z.ZH. Turlybayeva, S.A. Aitkeldieva

    Soil samples were collected from highly saline pastures in the Ili district of the Almaty region of Kazakhstan. 12 strains of phosphate-mobilizing bacteria were isolated from the samples. A study of the resistance of strains to salt stress showed that only five of 12 strains had high salt tolerance. A study of the ability of strains to mobilize phosphates under severe salt stress showed that with increasing salinity, mobilization activity decreased. Three promising salt-tolerant strains of phosphate-mobilizing bacteria were selected, in which high salt stress slightly reduced the activity of phosphate mobilization. Проведен сбор образцов почв на сильнозасоленных пастбищах в Илийском районе Алматинской области Казахстана. Из образцов выделено 12 штаммов фосфатмобилизующих бактерий. Исследование устойчивости штаммов к солевому стрессу показало, что только пять из 12 штаммов обладали высокой солеустойчивостью. Изучение способности штаммов к мобилизации фосфатов при сильном солевом стрессе показало, что с увеличением засоленнности активность мобилизации снижалась. Отобрано три перспективных солетолерантных штамма фосфатмобилизующихбактерий, у которых высокий солевой стресс незначительно снизил активность мобилизации фосфатов.

  • Open Access

    СОЛЕТОЛЕРАНТНЫЕ БАКТЕРИИ ДЛЯ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ ПАСТБИЩНЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ К ЗАСОЛЕНИЮ

    by И.э. Смирнова, А.к. Саданов, Г.б. Баймаханова, З.ж. Турлыбаева

    Увеличение площади засоленных почв представляют собой серьезную глобальную угрозу сельскому хозяйству. Засоление почв связано с несколькими причинами, одной из которых является изменение климата - повышение общей температуры воздуха увеличивает испарение почвы и усиливает засоление почвы. Другой причиной является уменьшение доступности пресной воды и использование минерализованных вод для полива. В настоящее время масштабы засоления почв продолжают возрастать. Исторически и традиционно Казахстан является территорией пастбищного животноводства. От этой отрасли получают более 45% всей валовой продукции сельского хозяйства. Анализ современного состояния пастбищ Республики показал снижение продуктивности пастбищ и увеличение засоленности их почв. В 2023 году очень плохое состояние пастбищ было выявлено на 40% угодий, что составляет более 22,0 млн. га. Засоленные почвы оказывают значительное воздействие на окружающую среду, являются сильным абиотический стрессом для растений пастбищ и ставят под угрозу продовольственную безопасность страны. Основными технологиями для получения растений с улучшенной солеустойчивостью являются традиционная селекция и генная инженерия. Однако, применение генетически модифицированных солеустойчивых культур реальных результатов не принесло, а создание новых солеустойчивых сортов путем традиционной селекции - это долгий путь. В этой связи, наиболее перспективным является применение солеустойчивых микроорганизмов, способных активно вырабатывать метаболиты, стимулирующие рост растений и способствующие их развитию на засоленных почвы, и тем самым, снижающие солевой стресс. Целью данного исследования было выделение из засоленных почв пастбищ солетолерантных фосфатмобилизующих и азотфиксирующих бактерий, изучение их влияния на рост и развитие луговых трав при солевом стрессе. Объектами исследования служили фосфатмобилизующие и азотфиксирующие бактерии, выделенные из почв Илийского района Алматинской области Казахстана. Сбор образцов почв проводили на сильнозасоленных естественных пастбищах (общее содержание солей в почвенной вытяжке 1,051-1,054%, значение рН 9,0-9,2) в соответствии с ГОСТ-17.4.4.02-2017. Из образцов почв были выделены изоляты фосфатмобилизующих и азотфиксирующих бактерий. Из них отобрано 8 штаммов фосфатмобилизующих и 12 штаммов азотфиксирующих бактерий, способных к росту при высокой концентрации NaCl в среде (500 ммоль/л). Применение выделенных бактерий привело к улучшению ростовых показателей пастбищных растений, выращенных в засоленной почве (длина стебля увеличилась в 2,0-2,5 раза, корня - в 1,8-2,2 раза). Совместная инокуляция фосфатмобилизующими и азотфиксирующими бактериями семян пастбищных трав показала более высокий эффект и привела к значительным улучшениям большинства морфологических параметров растений. Таким образом, из почв засоленных пастбищ выделены солеустойчивые штаммы фосфатмобилизующих и азотфиксирующих бактерий. Показано, что их применение снижает солевой стресс растений при выращивании на засоленных почвах. Использование солетолерантных микроорганизмов способствует восстановлению дисбаланса питания растений за счет стимуляции роста корней и улучшения их азотного и фосфорного питания.

  • Open Access

    Phosphate-Solubilizing Salt-Tolerant Bacteria to Support Soybean Growth (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) On Saline Soils

    by Irina Smirnova, Amankeldi Sadanov, Gul Baimakhanova, Elmira Faizulina, Larisa Tatarkina

    Phosphorus is one of the important elements of plant nutrition that affect crop productivity. Increasing the availability of phosphorus through the use of microbial inoculants capable of stimulating soybean growth on saline soils is a promising solution to the problem. However, most phosphate-solubilizing bacteria are not capable of the growth and mobilization of phosphates on saline soils. The purpose of this study was to isolate phosphate-solubilizing salt-tolerant bacteria from the soybean rhizosphere and to study their salt tolerance, phosphate solubilization, and ability to influence soybean growth in saline soils. Phosphate-solubilizing isolates were obtained from the soybean rhizosphere. Their ability to grow and mobilize phosphates under conditions of high salt stress was studied, after which five strains were selected. Identification by the Sanger molecular genetic method showed that the strains were Pseudomonas rhizosphaerae FT2, Ps. koreensis FT4, Ps. sp. FM9, Bacillus pumilus FM12, and B. sp. FC11. The production of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid under high salt stress was studied and three strains (FT4, FM12, and FC11) were selected in which the production of indole-3-acetic acid under salt stress decreased slightly by 20-22%. Inoculation with bacteria significantly mitigated salt stress, as evidenced by the growth indicators of soybeans; the weight of roots increased by 1.9-2.1 times, the weight of soybean shoots by 2.0-2.2 times, the weight of leaves by 2.5-3.5 times and the number of nodules by 1.7-2.0 times compared to the control variant without inoculation. The study showed that inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing salt-tolerant bacteria increased plant resistance to salt stress, improved growth, and promoted the ecological adaptation of soybeans. Based on the isolated strains, it is possible to develop inoculants for crops growing on saline soils, which is a promising strategy.