Vivek Kumar Trivedi

Knowledge about spatial distribution patterns of soil attributes is very much needed for site-specific soil nutrient management (SSSNM) under precision agriculture. High spatial heterogeneity exists in the agricultural soils of India due to various reasons. The present practice of assessing the spatial variability of the vast cultivated landscape of India by using traditional soil sampling and analysis is costly and time consuming. Hence, proximal soil sensing (PSS) is an attractive option to assess the plot-scale spatial variability pattern (SVP) of soil attributes for SSSNM. A PSS system, either in a fixed position or mounted on a vehicle (on-the-go), can be used to obtain measurements by having direct contact with soil. PSS measurements provide low-cost and high-density data pertaining to the SVPs of soil attributes. These data can be used to generate digital elevation and soil attribute variability maps at the field scale in a crop production environment. Based on the generated variability maps, locally available and economically feasible agricultural inputs can be applied using variable rate application strategies for sustainable cropping and enhanced farm profit. This overview presents the potential of adopting PSS in India and other developing countries. The scope, challenges, and probable solutions are also proposed. There is ample scope for adoption of PSS in India in view of diverse soil types, climatic conditions, cropping patterns, crop management practices, and ultimately, the ever-increasing demand for higher agricultural production. However, the successful adoption of the PSS technique in India will be dependent on the proper design and adoption of strategies which require adequate planning and analysis. There are several studies that have highlighted the usefulness of soil sensing technologies in Indian soils. There are also certain challenges and limitations associated with PSS in India, which could be addressed. The available proximal soil sensing technologies will be of great help in improving the understanding of soil heterogeneity for adopting SSSNM in order to optimize crop production in India and other developing countries.

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is grown globally for its protein-rich seed. However, low availability of soil zinc (Zn) adversely affects the seed yield of pigeonpea. The present study was therefore conducted to assess the Zn efficiency of pigeonpea genotypes based on seed yield and seed Zn uptake efficiency. Field experiments were conducted at the Indian Council of Agricultural Research–Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal, India with twenty different pigeonpea genotypes and two levels of Zn application under a split-plot design. The two levels of Zn were low (without application of Zn fertilizer) and high (with application of 20 kg Zn ha⁻¹ (as ZnSO₄∙7H2O) as basal soil application, in conjunction with three foliar sprays of 0.50% (w/v) ZnSO₄∙7H₂O aqueous solution) (with 0.25% lime as neutralizing agent) at flowering, pod formation, and pod filling stages). Application of Zn improved plant height, branches plant⁻¹, pods plant⁻¹, seeds pod⁻¹, and 100 seed weight of pigeonpea genotypes differently. The mean seed yield, seed Zn concentration, and seed Zn uptake of the genotypes increased from 1.71 to 2.12 t ha⁻¹, 32.4 to 43.0 mg kg⁻¹, and 54.9 to 90.6 g ha⁻¹, respectively, with application of Zn. The seed yield efficiency index (SYEI) and Zn uptake efficiency index (ZUEI) of pigeonpea genotypes varied from 67.0 to 92.5 and from 47.0 to 69.9, respectively. Based on SYEI and ZUEI, the genotypes were classified as efficient and responsive (Virsa Arhar-1, GT-1, GT-101, SKNP 05-05, BDN-2, AAUT 2007-04, BSMR 853, T 15-15, DT 23, Pusa 9), efficient and non-responsive (ICPL 87119, PKV Trombay), inefficient and responsive (AKT 8811, Hisar Paras), and inefficient and non-responsive (AAUT 2007-10, JKM 7, Hisar Manak, C 11, Hisar HO2-60, GAUT 93-17). The efficient and responsive genotypes are the most useful as they yield well under low soil Zn conditions and also respond to Zn fertilizer application. The inefficient and responsive genotypes could be utilized for plant breeding programs by plant breeders for identification and utilization of responsive traits.

In view of scarcity of information, effectiveness of toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) in assessing metal hazards of polluted soils was evaluated in relation to human health. Total metal content in the soils studied were 1657 ± 2335 mg kg⁻¹ for Zn, 351 ± 180 mg kg⁻¹ for Cu, 166 ± 79.9 mg kg⁻¹ for Ni, 249 ± 269 mg kg⁻¹ for Pb and 18.6 ± 23.2 mg kg⁻¹ for Cd. The TCLP requires a buffering of acidic leaching extraction based on the soil reaction. The TCLP extractable (reagent 1) metal content was varied as 177 ± 376 mg kg⁻¹ for Zn, 10.9 ± 28.5 mg kg⁻¹ for Cu, 23.1 ± 67.2 mg kg⁻¹ for Ni, 2.79 ± 10.3 mg kg⁻¹ for Pb and 4.92 ± 16.3 mg kg⁻¹ for Cd across the experimental soils. Reagent 2 extractable Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb and Cd were recorded as 136 ± 364, 3.16 ± 1.79, 1.49 ± 2.73, 0.57 ± 2.20 and 1.95 ± 6.92 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. In case of spinach, the values of hazard quotient (HQ) varied from 0.055 to 0.972, 0.002 to 0.019, 0.008 to 0.181, 0.066 to 5.489 and 0.044 to 11.32 in respect of Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb and Cd, respectively. The ranges of HQ for intake of Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb and Cd through consumption of wheat grain were 0.36–1.88, 0.02–0.12, 0.05–0.80, 0.13–1.21 and 0.10–59.5, respectively. While comparing the effectiveness of assessing metal hazard of TCLP with that assessed in terms of HQ, it is clear that in some soil samples the critical value of HQ (>0.5) exceeded for Pb (spinach), whereas TCLP extractable Pb content in those soils were within the safe limit i.e. −1. It appears that TCLP method is not only useful for judging the ecological risk of metal polluted soil but also assessing the suitability of soil for crop production, provided permissible limit of TCLP should be revised.

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN:2319-7692(Print), ISSN:2319-7706(Online) is a multidisciplinary peer-reviewed journal with reputable academics and experts as members of its Editorial Board. The Current Microbiology aims to publish all the latest and outstanding research articles. Review and letters in all areas of major importance to techniques of microbiology and applied research with publishes high quality of review and research articles on novel aspects of Microbiology including Environmental, Food, Agricultural, Medical, Pharmaceutical, Veterinary, Soil, Water and Biodeterioration.

Field and laboratories studies were conducted for three consecutive Kharif season (2011 to 2013) to evaluate the yield and yield attributing characteristics, nutrients concentration and uptake, quality parameters and soil health of Typic Natrustalf sodic soil under the influence of organic and inorganic soil ameliorants viz., flyash, gypsum and green manure along with recommended doses of fertilizer, nutrients and zinc sulphate. Maximum grain and straw yield of rice ‘CSR-43’ was recorded in that plot which received 20 t flyash + 50% gypsum +10 t green manure ha⁻¹ (T8) followed T7, T6 and T4. The lowest yield was registered in that plot which was treated with recommended dose of fertilizers. Yield components, nutrients concentration and uptake significantly differ under various treatments and similar trends of response like yield of rice. Although, the magnitude of response alone and in combinations on quality characteristics noticed more beneficial but response was more pronounced in that condition which was treated with 20 t flyash + 50% gypsum + 10 t green manure ha⁻¹. After termination of the experiment the physico-chemical properties of experimental sodic soil markedly improved. It might be due to the inclusion affect of these organic and inorganic amendments and fertilizer doses.