Alexander Sergeevich Gulenkov

Introduction. The release of micro- and nanoplastic particles (microplastics) from filter bags during the preparation of infusions and decoctions from plant materials is a relevant medical and social problem. One promising solution is to replace filter bags with dosed briquettes obtained by direct compression of plant materials. Aim. To establish the optimal pressure range for compressing ground Cichorium intybus L. roots, ensuring the production of a technological product suitable for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Materials and methods. Three fractions of ground Cichorium intybus L. roots (with particle sizes of 500–1000, 180–250, and 50–100 µm) were studied. A comprehensive pharmaceutical-technological assessment of the raw material was carried out (bulk density, flowability, moisture content, etc.). Briquettes weighing 100 mg were obtained at compression pressures ranging from 31 to 311 MPa. The SeDeM method, Heckel and Kawakita equations were used to analyze compressibility. Briquette strength and disintegration time in freshly boiled purified water were evaluated. Results and discussion. The Good Compression Index (GCI) according to the SeDeM method was below the threshold value (5.0) for all fractions; however, the coarse fraction (500–1000 µm) showed the best result (4.55). Using Heckel and Kawakita models, optimal compression pressure ranges for each fraction were established. For the most technologically optimal fraction of 500–1000 µm, this range was 0.687–222.2 MPa. It was experimentally determined that a pressure of 30 MPa is optimal, ensuring the production of strong briquettes with a disintegration time in freshly boiled purified water of less than 60 seconds, which is acceptable for the consumer. Conclusion. It was established that the optimal fraction for briquetting is ground Cichorium intybus L. roots with a particle size of 500–1000 µm. The optimal compression pressure for obtaining rapidly disintegrating briquettes in freshly boiled purified water is 30 MPa. Ground Cichorium intybus L. roots can serve as a technological component to improve flowability in combined herbal mixtures intended for briquetting.

Introduction. Water-soluble polysaccharides of chicory roots contain a lot of inulin – glucofructan, used as a dietary supplement to reduce blood glucose levels, prevent type II diabetes. However, in the Russian Federation there is no production of inulin. The population's need for inulin is almost entirely met through imports. This creates the need to develop a method for isolating and purifying water-soluble polysaccharides containing inulin from raw materials grown in the Russian Federation. There are many technologies for obtaining fructosans (inulin, etc.) from plant materials in scientific literature. An analysis of Russian and foreign publications shows a wide range of methods: extraction (from 30 minutes to 5 days); various purification methods (activated carbon, calcium carbonate, phosphoric acid, anion exchangers, nanofiltration, etc.); precipitation of inulin in ethyl alcohol (water:alcohol ratios from 1:1 to 1:5), although other studies show that ratios of at least 1:4 should be used. Many studies are devoted to obtaining fructose, which is a product of fructosans hydrolysis, which is why the methods from these studies cannot be transferred to the technology for obtaining pharmaceutical inulin. Aim. optimize the parameters of precipitation and purification of dry extract from chicory roots grown in the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. Extraction was carried out from chicory roots at a ratio of 1:10, the sum of extractive substances, loss on drying, fractional composition, bulk density, water absorption and swelling coefficients, as well as mathematical data processing were determined according to the general pharmacopoeial articles of the state pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, 15th edition. Quantitative determination of the sum of fructosans in the liquid extract was determined spectrophotometrically with preliminary acid hydrolysis. Precipitation was carried out with 96% alcohol, the completeness of precipitation was determined gravimetrically, purification was carried out using activated carbon. Purity was confirmed spectrophotometrically. Results and discussion. To deplete the raw material by more than 90%, only two extractions are required. It was determined that precipitation at a temperature of (20±5) °C yields results comparable to other temperature regimes ((-18±1) °C, (4±1) °C, (40±1) °C). Conclusion. It is optimal to extract chicory roots with purified water no more than twice. Precipitation of water-soluble polysaccharides from the aqueous extract is optimally carried out at a temperature of (20±5) °C. The obtained dry extract was purified with activated carbon. The purity of the extract was 91%.

Flacoside substance with the active ingredient "fellamurin" is an individual natural flavonoid glycoside isolated from the leaves of Amur cork tree, possessing antiviral, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, immunostimulating activity, from which in the 1980s VILAR employees developed the composition and technology of tablets, launched industrial production, which made it possible to use them in the treatment of chronic liver and biliary tract diseases of various origins. However, in the 1990s, the production of the drug was suspended, but the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the ac-tualization of this development. The aim of the work is to determine the pharmaceutical and technological parameters of the substance and tablet mass of flacoside, to establish their compliance with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of Russia, XV edition, and to identify ways to improve the technology for obtaining tablets to resume production of the drug. The technological parameters of the flacoside substance and the tablet mass obtained by wet granulation (in accordance with the previously developed Technological Regulations) were compared. The results of laser diffractometry, sieve analysis and optical microscopy showed that as a result of granu-lation, the particle size of the tablet mass increases significantly (from 0.02 mm to 1.3-1.5 mm). The bulk density before and after compaction, as well as the angle of natural repose, corresponded to those obtained in the 1980s, which confirms the pharmaceutical and technological identity of the flacoside substance obtained in 2022. A comprehensive pharmaceutical and technological assessment of powders based on 12 parameters, processed using the SeDeM expert system method, showed that the good compression index (GCI) of the flacoside substance, which is not suitable for direct pressing, increases by 1.30 (4.43 → 5.73) as a result of granulation, and the resulting tablet mass can be used for industrial pressing.

Introduction. One of the most common bacterial infections includes acute and chronic tonsillitis, affecting 10 to 15 % of adults and approximately 20–25 % of children worldwide, according to the World Health Organization. The focus of this study was an original substance, sangviritrin, containing no less than 96.5 % of the sum of bisulfates of two alkaloids: sanguinarine and chelerythrine. Given the high antimicrobial activity of sangviritrin, the research aimed to develop a local delivery system based on this medicinal substance.Aim. The aim of this work was to develop an oral medicinal form of sangviritrin.Materials and Methods. Sangviritrin, produced by the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, was used as the active pharmaceutical ingredient. The selection of auxiliary components was carried out in accordance with the methodologies specified in the State Pharmacopoeia XV edition. The organoleptic properties of the substance and spray samples were studied using A. I. Tenzova's method. The local irritant action of the spray was assessed using the conjunctival test method on chinchilla rabbits weighing 3.5–4.3 kg. Quantitative determination of sangviritrin in the medicinal form was performed using spectrophotometric methods at a wavelength of 321 ± 2 nm on a spectrophotometer SPECORD® 200 PLUS (Analytik Jena GmbH+Co. KG, Germany).Results and Discussion. Optimal auxiliary component compositions were selected based on measurements of spray technological parameters. A comprehensive approach was justified for correcting the organoleptic properties of the substance, involving the introduction of a minimal amount of sweeteners and additional use of β-cyclodextrin. Examination of the local irritant action indicated a "weak or absent" degree of local irritation.Conclusion. A local delivery system for sangviritrin has been developed for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity.

Xyloglucan is a highly promising ‘green’ polymer that has found its application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Due to its molecular structure similarity to mucin, it has remarkable mucoadhesion properties, which has led to a high research interest in this excipient for the development of transmucosal delivery systems. Thermosensitivity is another promising property of xyloglucan derivatives, which is mainly exhibited by synthetic block copolymers such as pluronics and PLGA derivatives. Delivery systems whose mechanism of active ingredient release is based on temperature sensitivity are widely used in many medical fields, ranging from antitumour therapy to intranasal delivery. Thus, conducting research on the possibility of obtaining and using a new mucoadhesive, fully biocompatible and affordable polymer—xyloglucan—is a promising task.

Introduction: Testicular torsion is the most urgent case in pediatric andrology that requires emergency care due to the high sensitivity of testicular tissue to hypoxia.Objective: To determine statistically significant parameters indicating diagnostic significance of some ultrasonographic testicular torsion symptoms in children.Materials and methods: Ultrasonography was performed in 202 children with testicular torsion (main group) and 449 patients (control group) aged from 2 months to 17 years 11 months and 28 days. During statistical processing we determined the mean values, their standard deviation, sampling errors, significance of differences in the mean values, correlation coefficient and did ROC analysis. For an objective ultrasonographic assessment of testicular shape, we implemented the coefficient of rounding – k_o = (testicular length – testicular thickness) / testicular length – and the parameter Δk_o calculated as the difference between k_o for the affected side and the contralateral one.Results and discussion: Testicular torsion was more common in children above 12 years of age (84.7%). The k_o was 0.160 ± 0.007 in the group of children with testicular torsion and 0.037±0.003 in the control group (t = 16.92, p >> .001). The ROC analysis proved the Δk_o to be highly informative: AUC was 0.886. The Δk_o was 0.130 ± 0.008 for patients with favorable treatment outcomes and 0.19 ± 0.01 (p < 0.001) for those with unfavorable outcomes. In most cases (71), the whirlpool sign was visualized with preserved blood flow. In such a case, the probability of the favorable treatment outcome was 74.6%. The whirlpool sign visualization was significantly less common (31 cases) without Doppler ultrasonography; favorable treatment outcomes were achieved in 54.8%. Of 22 patients with the undetected whirlpool sign, favorable treatment outcomes were possible only in 40.9%.Conclusions: The coefficient of rounding k_o can be used as an auxiliary criterion for the early diagnosis of testicular torsion. With Δk_o = 0.08, the sensitivity of the parameter in respect of testicular torsion is 79.2%, and specificity is 85.7%. With Δk_o = 0.16, the specificity of the parameter is almost 100% with a 45.0% decrease of the sensitivity. Whirlpool sign detection using color Doppler ultrasonography is a positive prognostic factor.

Фармацевтико-технологическое исследование адсорбированного жидкого растительного экстракта антимикробного действия

Development microcarriers of biologically active substances for creation of new drugs should also give the required physicochemical properties to the dosage form. The effect of liquid plant extract of chamomile flowers, calendula flowers and yarrow herbs on microparticles vaterite and microparticles microcrystalline cellulose was studied. When grinding microcrystalline cellulose, (first mechanically and then by ultrasound), microparticles with fractional composition were obtained (from 1 to 100 nm - 0%, from 100 to 1000 nm - 88% and from 1000 to 10000nm - 12%). Comparative analysis the technological characteristics these microparticles by SeDeM method shown that microcrystalline cellulose particles are promising for development of solid dosage form based thereon with liquid plant extract by direct compression.