Natasha Roussouw

For the effective conservation of coastal cetaceans, such as Indian Ocean humpback dolphin, Sousa plumbea , currently listed as “Endangered” by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), information on its life history is urgently required. To fill this gap, the age of 119 humpback dolphins (74 males and 45 females) incidentally caught in bather protection nets (BPN) off the east‐coast of South Africa over a 40‐year period was determined by counting tooth growth layer groups (GLGs). Estimated length at birth using Scott's equation was 111.57 cm for males and 104.33 cm for females. A Gompertz growth curve indicated that physical maturity was reached at 268.03 cm in males and 246.12 cm in females, corresponding to 24 and 13 years, respectively. Histological analyses of reproductive organs of 45 males and 28 females showed that sexual maturity in males is attained at 7.5 years, and 210 cm total body length. In females, sexual maturity occurred around 8 years and a body length of 220 cm. The ovulation rate was 0.2 per year, indicating a calving interval of approximately 5 years. These results will aid in assessing the status of the South African population of Indian Ocean humpback dolphins.

Blubber is a highly specialized and dynamic tissue unique to marine mammals and presents a reflection of the individuals' nutrition, environment, and life history traits. Few studies have investigated the histomorphology of cetacean blubber in subtropical environments. The aim of this study was to investigate the blubber histomorphology of three different dolphin species off the subtropical KwaZulu‐Natal coast, South Africa, using adipocyte cell size, number, and density. Blubber tissue samples from the saddle area of 43 incidentally bycaught animals (four Sousa plumbea, 36 Tursiops aduncus, and three Delphinus delphis) were used to compare cell parameters between blubber layers. Samples were divided into the upper third (corresponding to the superficial layer closest to the epidermis), middle third, and lower third (corresponding to the deep layer). For T. aduncus, factors potentially affecting blubber histomorphology, such as sex, age class, and season, were also assessed. Our results showed that no stratification was present in S. plumbea, which could be ascribed to the species' warmer inshore habitat, large body size, and apparent lower mobility. For T. aduncus and D. capensis, however, blubber stratification was determined, characterized by a gradual transition of cell size, number, and density between layers rather than clearly defined layers. Significant differences in adipocyte cell number and density were found for different sexes and age classes of T. aduncus. However, there were no significant differences between seasons, which was attributed to the small temperature differences between seasons. This study represents the first investigation of odontocete blubber histomorphology in subtropical waters. It is recommended that future studies investigate blubber lipid content, while also taking into consideration the reproductive status of the females and the temperature range of their study area. It is hoped that our results, in conjunction with histopathology and other health indicators, could assist in assessing health and body condition.