Sandra Alemany

After we have all the tools and resources we need, the next step is to create our first prototype or mock-up. To do this we need some representation of an individual or individuals around which to design and build it. We call these individuals “cases”. A case can have three forms: (1) a list of measurements of an individual, (2) a three-dimensional (3D) or four-dimensional (4D) model of an individual, or (3) the actual individual. The actual individual is sometimes called a fit model or a live model. This begins with the selection of a case to represent the first size called the base size. Selecting this case effectively gets the design centered on the area of the Target Population (TP) that has the greatest concentration of people. Additional cases are selected to evaluate the potential range of fit. Cases are portrayed in two ways for prototyping products: (1) physical manikins and people or (2) digital manikins. This chapter discusses how to select, model, and use a small number of cases to design, modify, or redesign a product and produce a mock-up or prototype.

This chapter describes the use of the Sustainable Product Evaluation, Engineering, and Design (SPEED) process as it relates to footwear, and how it can be used to refine the typical current footwear development process. It also details the complex anatomy and biomechanics of the foot and the resulting complexity of designing effective footwear products. This includes shoe anatomy from a point of view of the fit and functional aspects, and the methodologies to improve the fit of the footwear by following the design loop and the sizing loop. The issues with establishing an effective concept-of-fit (COF) for footwear and related assessment methods to study the physical interaction between the foot and shoe are also discussed. Finally, examples of how to improve the footwear design and sizing are provided in the form of two case studies.

This book is about the design and evaluation of anything and everything worn on the body. It is a guide to help designers, manufacturers, retailers, and procurement organizations: Solve the persistent fit problems Maintain a good fit for all styles of a wearable product and across all seasons or iterations Optimize the sizes manufactured or purchased by: Aligning the sizes with the target market Adding missing sizes and Eliminating redundant or unnecessary sizes Communicate the range of fit in each size effectively Predict correct sizing for individuals based on body measurements Ensure products we buy for our store or organization will fit our wearers, and Make design, size, and fit decisions with confidence

In this book, for the first time, the complexity of assessing fit and using fittings in the product design process is addressed from a scientific and systems engineering perspective. It includes methods to represent the anthropometry of the target market, good practices to develop protocols for more reliable and consistent fit testing, methods for developing and maintaining a fit database, comprehensive statistical analyses needed for fit and sizing analysis, and instructions for selecting and modeling cases for new product development. Product Fit and Sizing: Sustainable Product Evaluation, Engineering, and Design offers step-by-step instructions for the evaluation, engineering, and design of existing and new products and includes real-world examples of mass-produced apparel, head wearables, and footwear products. It also explains how to develop a sustainable fit standard for fit and sizing continuity for all styles across all seasons and iterations. This book is intended for industry professionals and undergraduate and graduate education to prepare students for design and engineering jobs. For organizations that purchase uniforms or protective equipment and apparel, it also provides instructions for purchasing professionals to evaluate the suitability of wearable products for their population. The Open Access version of this book, available at https://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

Human plays a key role in metaverse and digital twin systems and thus live three-dimensional (3D) human shape reconstruction brings significant improvement for highly accurate anthropomorphic measurements. However, it is still difficult to obtain detailed 3D computational models or “virtual humans” due to the diversity of individual poses and shape deformation. With technical advantages of the metaverse geometric modeling, virtual characters can be created in seconds. Concurrent, tremendous progress has been achieved in 3D modeling technology and larger representative public human datasets have emerged. In this survey, the status quo of 3D body digitization is investigated, and the accompanying processing pipeline is introduced. Specifically, this survey first discusses mainstream 3D scanning technologies for virtual 3D body acquisition. Second, we investigate the status quo of the commonly-used body measurement processing frameworks from four aspects: 1) data acquisition; 2) feature extraction; 3) surface modeling; and 4) landmarking and digital measurements. Finally, through a comparative analysis of prior works, we highlight challenges and new trends of ongoing developments based on insights into the advantages and limitations of existing works.

Anthropometrics have been crucial in the development of ergonomics. Traditionally, anthropometric data were summarized in statistical tables (means, percentiles, etc.,) that were then applied in the design process of products and environments. The emergence of 3D body scanners ushered in a new age for anthropometric research by providing, in addition to digital body measurements, a 3D representation of the body. Nowadays, the latest 4D scanning technology is able to capture the 3D body in motion. The complexity of these captures entails new challenges related to the processing, analysis, and synthesis of body data used to support ergonomics in design.