Mohamad Taha Abdelrahman

This study was conducted to elucidate the histopathological alterations in the stomach and duodenum, biochemical changes in selected enzymes and hormones in rat sera, and to investigate DNA damage in tissues resulting from tramadol administration. Thirty adult male rats weighing 180–200 g were randomly distributed in three groups: group I (control), group II of 10 animals received a single dose (50.4 mg) of tramadol hydrochloride (TR- HCl) orally, and group III of 10 rats received the same TR-HCl dose, fractionated into small, periodic, and incremental doses over 49 days. The first treatment period lasted for three weeks. At the end of this period, five rats from each group were separated and euthanized. The remaining animals were euthanized later after an additional four weeks. Histological examinations of stomach and duodenum specimens were performed as well as immune and biochemical analyses for trypsin, pepsin, testosterone, caspase-3 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). A DNA fragmentation comet assay was carried out at the 3rd and 7th weeks from treatment onset. Based on the experimental results, it can be concluded that prolonged tramadol administration (weeks) can induce: gastric dysfunctions and duodenum injury, disturbance in selected enzymes and hormones, detectable DNA damage as well as degeneration in the endogenous antioxidant defense system mechanism in treated rats. Therefore, a firm control on the handling and administration of tramadol is needed to avoid and prevent its abuse and addiction, especially among adolescents.

This study aims to synthesize a novel series of nicotinonitriles incorporating pyrazole, oxadiazole, isoindoline, thiadiazole, and thiazolidinone moieties (compounds 4–11 ). The synthesis utilizes 2‐((3‐cyano‐4‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐6‐(naphthalen‐2‐yl)pyridin‐2‐yloxy)acetohydrazide ( 3 ) as a key starting material to enhance potential anticancer activity. The molecular structures of compounds 4–11 were elucidated using various spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were screened for cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines, including MCF‐7 (human Caucasian breast adenocarcinoma), MDA‐MB‐231 (breast ductal carcinoma), and PC‐3 (prostate cancer), using an MTT assay with doxorubicin as a reference drug. Among the tested compounds, 4 , 6b , and 7 exhibited the most promising cytotoxic activity, with IC ₅₀ values ranging from 22.5 to 91.3 µM. The safety profile of these compounds was further evaluated using noncancerous human skin fibroblast cells (BJ‐1). Notably, 6b and 7 demonstrated high selectivity indices (SI > 3) against cancer cells, indicating preferential cytotoxicity, whereas compound 4 lacked selectivity. Docking studies, consistent with experimental data, further supported the potential anticancer properties of compounds 4 , 6b , and 7 . Given their significant inhibitory effects on cancer cell lines with minimal to no impact on normal cells, compounds 6b and 7 are strong candidates for further drug development as potential anticancer agents.

Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) show promising features as drugs to treat estrogen-responsive breast cancer as they block aromatase activity, the key enzyme in estrogen synthesis. The current AIs approved by the Food and Drug Administration for breast cancer treatment present severe adverse effects. For these reasons, it is important to develop of new AIs that are more specific and sensitive. In this paper, we report the synthesis and the characterization of new nonsteroidal aromatase AIs containing triazoles moieties for the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer in post-menopausal women. A new series of 1,2,3-triazole based molecules were successfully synthetized and their chemical structures were determined from the spectral data (FT-IR, ¹³C NMR, ¹H NMR, mass spectroscopy) and micro-analytical data. Additionally, the physical properties of the newly synthesized derivatives were reported. The novel compounds were also tested for their anticancer activity in both breast cancer (MCF7 and T-47D) and normal breast (MCF 10A) cell lines, evaluating their effect on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The results revealed that the compounds exhibited promising and specific anti-cancer action.

In an attempt to improve the performance of biologically active anticancer agents, a novel series of 1-substituent-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole hybrids 10–16 were designed and efficiently synthesized via the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions of 4-ethynyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene 1 with substituted-azides 2–8. The structure of the new clicked 1,2,3-triazole hybrids 10–16 was confirmed on the basis of their elemental analysis and spectral data. Moreover, the cytotoxicity and in vitro anticancer activities of the newly synthesized compounds were also assessed against four different human cancer cell lines: Colon cancer (HCT116), Hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2), Breast cancer (MCF-7), and Lung carcinoma (A549). Among all the tested compounds, compound 15 revealed a higher potency against HCT116 compared to the activity of the reference drug, doxorubicin. This makes it an interesting candidate for further biological evaluation. Finally, a good correlation was obtained between the observed cytotoxicity evaluation of compound 15 against HCT116, from one side, and the molecular descriptors from another side.

Novel 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives were synthesized through the reaction of methyl 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene) hydrazine-1-carbodithioate and the appropriate hydrazonoyl halides in the presence of a few drops of diisopropylethylamine. The chemical structure of the newly fabricated compounds was inferred from their microanalytical and spectral data. With the increase in microbial diseases, fungi remain a devastating threat to human health because of the resistance of microorganisms to antifungal drugs. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) and COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) have higher mortality rates in many populations. The present study aimed to find new antifungal agents using the disc diffusion method, and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were estimated by the microdilution assay. An in vitro experiment of six synthesized chemical compounds exhibited antifungal activity against Rhizopus oryzae; compounds with an imidazole moiety, such as the compound 7, were documented to have energetic antibacterial, antifungal properties. As a result of these findings, this research suggests that the synthesized compounds could be an excellent choice for controlling black fungus diseases. Furthermore, a molecular docking study was achieved on the synthesized compounds, of which compounds 2, 6, and 7 showed the best interactions with the selected protein targets.

A new series of 1,3,4-thiadiazoles was synthesized by the reaction of methyl 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene) hydrazine-1-carbodithioate (2) with selected derivatives of hydrazonoyl halide by grinding method at room temperature. The chemical structures of the newly synthesized derivatives were resolved from correct spectral and microanalytical data. Moreover, all synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activities using Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. However, compounds 3 and 5 showed significant antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. The other prepared compounds exhibited either only antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria like compounds 4 and 6, or only antifungal activity like compound 7. A molecular docking study of the compounds was performed against two important microbial enzymes: tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) and N-myristoyl transferase (Nmt). The tested compounds showed variety in binding poses and interactions. However, compound 3 showed the best interactions in terms of number of hydrogen bonds, and the lowest affinity binding energy (−8.4 and −9.1 kcal/mol, respectively). From the in vitro and in silico studies, compound 3 is a good candidate for the next steps of the drug development process as an antimicrobial drug.

In this study, a new synthetic 1,2,3-triazole-containing disulfone compound was derived from dapsone. Its chemical structure was confirmed using microchemical and analytical data, and it was tested for its in vitro antibacterial potential. Six different pathogenic bacteria were selected. MICs values and ATP levels were determined. Further, toxicity performance was measured using MicroTox Analyzer. In addition, a molecular docking study was performed against two vital enzymes: DNA gyrase and Dihydropteroate synthase. The results of antibacterial abilities showed that the studied synthetic compound had a strong bactericidal effect against all tested bacterial strains, as Gram-negative species were more susceptible to the compound than Gram-positive species. Toxicity results showed that the compound is biocompatible and safe without toxic impact. The molecular docking of the compound showed interactions within the pocket of two enzymes, which are able to stabilize the compound and reveal its antimicrobial activity. Hence, from these results, this study recommends that the established compound could be an outstanding candidate for fighting a broad spectrum of pathogenic bacterial strains, and it might therefore be used for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.