Javier Etayo

Etayo, J., Divakar, P. K. & Hawksworth, D. L. 2026. Neue und interessante flechtenbewohnende Pilze aus Südafrika. – Herzogia 39: 134 –150. Als Ergebnis einer Sammelreise in die Kapprovinzen im Jahr 2005 wurden in Südafrika siebzehn Arten von flechtenbewohnenden Pilzen registriert. Vier davon erwiesen sich als neue Arten: Cercidospora capensis auf Caloplaca s. lat., Endococcus bicinctus auf Parmotrema, Feltgeniomyces combeae auf Combea mollusca und Trematosphaeropsis xanthomaculinae auf Xanthoparmelia hottentotta. Für einige der anderen Arten konnten die bekannten Verbreitungsgebiete erheblich erweitert werden. Die Anzahl der bekannten flechtenbewohnenden Mykobiota Südafrikas steigt damit auf 34 Taxa, von denen einige noch keinen spezifischen Namen haben.

The genus Neobaryopsis (Calcarisporiaceae) comprises lichenicolous fungi with bright-colored perithecia, long, multiseptate, filiform ascospores, and mononematous conidiophores or distinctive synnematous-like asexual morphs. The genus was originally described from species growing on Lobariella spp., but its close morphological similarity to Neobarya long obscured its phylogenetic identity. In this study, we reassess the systematics of Neobarya -like taxa using a combination of morphological and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses (ITS, LSU, tef1 , rpb2 ). Our results confirm that several lichenicolous species historically placed in Neobarya in fact belong to the genus Neobaryopsis , which is closely related to Calcarisporium . We describe two new species ( Neobaryopsis eriodermaticola and N. teloschistis ) and propose two new combinations ( Neobaryopsis ciliaris and N. peltigerae ). This work expands the genus Neobaryopsis to five recently accepted species, some of which exhibit strong host specificity and a primarily South American distribution. An identification key for species of Neobaryopsis and Neobarya -like fungi is provided. Our results clarify the systematics of these morphologically similar lichenicolous fungi and provide a framework for future studies on host specificity, biogeography, and evolutionary relationships within Hypocreales.

The genus Trichonectria includes a group of fungi, primarily comprising of lichen‐dwelling species but also with fungicolous, bryophilous, and saprotrophic taxa. This genus is mainly characterised by the presence of thick‐walled setae around the ostiole or distributed across the whole surface of the ascomata. Until now, molecular data have been available for only a limited number of species. This study aims to clarify the phylogenetic placement of Trichonectria and closely related genera within the order Hypocreales through morphological assessment and multi‐locus phylogenetic analyses. Our analyses, encompassing newly obtained molecular data for Trichonectria hirta and related taxa, reveal that Trichonectria , Cylindromonium , and Phialoseptomonium form a distinct lineage within Hypocreales, which we here introduce as the new family Trichonectriaceae. The taxonomic circumscription of Trichonectria has been revised, resulting in the segregation of unrelated lineages and the formal description of two novel genera: Reticulonectria (type: R. setadpressa ) and Trichonectriella (type: T. rubefaciens ). To stabilise the taxonomy and facilitate further studies, we designate an epitype for Trichonectria hirta . Additionally, we propose three new species ( T. coronatosetosa , T. crystallifera , T. polyblastidii ) and 26 new combinations. A key for species identification within the Trichonectriaceae family is provided. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the phylogenetic complexity and taxonomic diversity of hypocrealean fungi associated with lichen hosts.

Several species of lichenicolous fungi from the region of Batman and Siirt provinces in Turkey are recorded here. A new species is described: Rhymbocarpus circinariae on Circinaria sp. A new combination, Muellerella fuscoatrae on Lecidea fuscoatra, is established alongside the selection of a neotype. Three species are reported for the first time in Turkey: Lichenochora epidesertorum, Paralecia pratorum, and Sclerococcum homoclinellum. In addition, Paralecia pratorum is also reported for the first time in Asia.

We have found 117 taxa of lichenicolous fungi in the studied area. In this paper, we describe five taxa: Arthonia boomiana on Nephromopsis chlorophylla, Lawalreea burgaziana on Platismatia glauca, Pronectria scrobiculatae on Lobarina scrobiculata, Trichonectria parmeliellae on Parmeliella testacea and Trichonectria rubefaciens ssp. cryptoramalinae on Ramalina. Furthermore, the next records are interesting chorologically from the Iberian Peninsula: Arthophacopsis parmeliarum, Catillaria lobariicola, Lichenopuccinia poeltii, Myxotrichum bicolor, Nanostictis christiansenii, Niesslia lobariae, Opegrpaha sphaerophoricola, Pronectria fragmospora, Rhymbocarpus aggregatus, R. neglectus, and Tremella cetrariicola.

This paper analyses the lichen flora of Navarino Island (Tierra del Fuego, Cape Horn Region, Chile), identifying species shared with the South Shetland Islands (Antarctic Peninsula). In this common flora, species are grouped by their biogeographic origin (Antarctic–subantarctic endemic, austral, bipolar, and cosmopolitan), their habitat on Navarino Island (coastal, forest, and alpine), their morphotype (crustaceous, foliaceous, fruticulose, and cladonioid), and the substrate from which they were collected (epiphytic, terricolous and humicolous, and saxicolous). A total of 124 species have been recognised as common on both sides of the Drake Passage, predominantly bipolar, crustaceous, and saxicolous species, and with an alpine distribution on Navarino Island. The most interesting fact is that more than 30% of the flora is shared between the southern tip of South America and the western Antarctic Peninsula, which is an indication of the existence of a meridian flow of propagules capable of crossing the Antarctic polar front.

A checklist of Lichen-forming, Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi of Ecuador is presented with a total of 2599 species, of which 39 are reported for the first time from the country. The names of three species, Hypotrachyna montufariensis, H. subpartita and Sticta hypoglabra, previously not validly published, are validated. Pertusaria oahuensis, originally introduced by Magnusson as ‘ad interim’, is validated as Lepra oahuensis. The form Leucodermia leucomelos f. albociliata is validated. Two new combinations, Fissurina tectigera and F. timida, are made, and Physcia mobergii is introduced as a replacement name for the illegitimate P. lobulata Moberg non (Flörke) Arnold. In an initial step, the checklist was compiled by reviewing literature records of Ecuadorian lichen biota spanning from the late 19th century to the present day. Subsequently, records were added based on vouchers from 56 collections participating in the Consortium of Lichen Herbaria, a Symbiota-based biodiversity platform with particular focus on, but not exclusive to, North and South America. Symbiota provides sophisticated tools to manage biodiversity data, such as occurrence records, a taxonomic thesaurus, and checklists. The thesaurus keeps track of frequently changing names, distinguishing taxa currently accepted from ones considered synonyms. The software also provides tools to create and manage checklists, with an emphasis on selecting vouchers based on occurrence records that can be verified for identification accuracy. Advantages and limitations of creating checklists in Symbiota versus traditional ways of compiling these lists are discussed. Traditional checklists are well suited to document current knowledge as a ‘snapshot in time’. They are important baselines, frequently used by ecologists and conservation scientists as an established naming convention for citing species reported from a country. Compiling these lists, however, requires an immense effort, only to inadequately address the dynamic nature of scientific discovery. Traditional checklists are thus quickly out of date, particularly in groups with rapidly changing taxonomy, such as lichenized fungi. Especially in megadiverse countries, where new species and new occurrences continue to be discovered, traditional checklists are not easily updated; these lists necessarily fall short of efficiently managing immense data sets, and they rely primarily on secondary evidence (i.e. literature records rather than specimens). Ideally, best practices make use of dynamic database platforms such as Symbiota to assess occurrence records based both on literature citations and voucher specimens. Using modern data management tools comes with a learning curve. Systems like Symbiota are not necessarily intuitive and their functionality can still be improved, especially when handling literature records. However, online biodiversity data platforms have much potential in more efficiently managing and assessing large biodiversity data sets, particularly when investigating the lichen biota of megadiverse countries such as Ecuador.

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Australia, Aschersonia mackerrasiae on whitefly, Cladosporium corticola on bark of Melaleuca quinquenervia, Penicillium nudgee from soil under Melaleuca quinquenervia, Pseudocercospora blackwoodiae on leaf spot of Persoonia falcata, and Pseudocercospora dalyelliae on leaf spot of Senna alata. Bolivia, Aspicilia lutzoniana on fully submersed siliceous schist in high-mountain streams, and Niesslia parviseta on the lower part and apothecial discs of Erioderma barbellatum onatwig. Brazil, Cyathus bonsai on decaying wood, Geastrum albofibrosum from moist soil with leaf litter, Laetiporus pratigiensis on a trunk of a living unknown hardwood tree species, and Scytalidium synnematicum on dead twigs of unidentified plant. Bulgaria, Amanita abscondita on sandy soil in a plantation of Quercus suber. Canada, Penicillium acericola on dead bark of Acer saccharum, and Penicillium corticola on dead bark of Acer saccharum. China, Colletotrichum qingyuanense on fruit lesion of Capsicum annuum. Denmark, Helminthosphaeria leptospora on corticioid Neohypochnicium cremicolor. Ecuador (Galapagos), Phaeosphaeria scalesiae on Scalesia sp. Finland, Inocybe jacobssonii on calcareouss oils in dry forests and park habitats. France, Cortinarius rufomyrrheus on sandy soil under Pinus pinaster, and Periconia neominutissima on leaves of Poaceae. India, Coprinopsis fragilis on decaying bark of logs, Filoboletus keralensis on unidentified woody substrate, Penicillium sankaranii from soil, Physisporinus tamilnaduensis on the trunk of Azadirachta indica, and Poronia nagaraholensis on elephant dung. Iran, Neosetophoma fic on infected leaves of Ficus elastica. Israel, Cnidariophoma eilatica (incl. Cnidariophoma gen. nov.) from Stylophora pistillata. Italy, Lyophyllum obscurum on acidic soil. Namibia, Aureobasidium faidherbiae on dead leaf of Faidherbia albida, and Aureobasidium welwitschiae on dead leaves of Welwitschia mirabilis. Netherlands, Gaeumannomycella caricigena on dead culms of Carex elongata, Houtenomyces caricicola (incl. Houtenomyces gen. nov.) on culms of Carex disticha, Neodacampia ulmea (incl. Neodacampia gen. nov.) on branch of Ulmus laevis, Niesslia phragmiticola on dead standing culms of Phragmites australis, Pseudopyricularia caricicola on culms of Carex disticha, and Rhodoveronaea nieuwwulvenica on dead bamboo sticks. Norway, Arrhenia similis half-buried and moss-covered pieces of rotting wood in grass-grownpath. Pakistan, Mallocybe ahmadii on soil. Poland, Beskidomyces laricis (incl. Beskidomyces gen. nov.) from resin of Larix decidua ssp. polonica, Lapidomyces epipinicola from sooty mould community on Pinus nigra, and Leptographium granulatum from a gallery of Dendroctonus micans on Picea abies. Portugal, Geoglossum azoricum on mossy areas of laurel forest areas planted with Cryptomeria japonica, and Lunasporangiospora lusitanica from a biofilm covering a bio deteriorated limestone wall. Qatar, Alternaria halotolerans from hypersaline sea water, and Alternaria qatarensis from water sample collected from hypersaline lagoon. South Africa, Alfaria thamnochorti on culm of Thamnochortus fraternus, Knufia aloeicola on Aloe gariepensis, Muriseptatomyces restionacearum (incl.Muriseptatomyces gen. nov.) on culms of Restionaceae, Neocladosporium arctotis on nest of cases of bagworm moths(Lepidoptera, Psychidae) on Arctotis auriculata, Neodevriesia scadoxi on leaves of Scadoxus puniceus, Paraloratospora schoenoplecti on stems of Schoenoplectus lacustris, Tulasnella epidendrea from the roots of Epidendrum × obrienianum, and Xenoidriella cinnamomi (incl. Xenoidriella gen. nov.) on leaf of Cinnamomum camphora. South Korea, Lemonniera fraxinea on decaying leaves of Fraxinus sp. frompond. Spain, Atheniella lauri on the bark of fallen trees of Laurus nobilis, Halocryptovalsa endophytica from surface-sterilised, asymptomatic roots of Salicornia patula, Inocybe amygdaliolens on soil in mixed forest, Inocybe pityusarum on calcareous soil in mixed forest, Inocybe roseobulbipes on acidic soils, Neonectria borealis from roots of Vitis berlandieri × Vitis rupestris, Sympoventuria eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus sp., and Tuber conchae fromsoil. Sweden, Inocybe bidumensis on calcareous soil. Thailand, Cordyceps sandindaengensis on Lepidoptera pupa, buried in soil, Ophiocordyceps kuchinaraiensis on Coleoptera larva, buried in soil, and Samsoniella winandae on Lepidoptera pupa, buriedinsoil. Taiwan region (China), Neophaeosphaeria livistonae on dead leaf of Livistona rotundifolia. Türkiye, Melanogaster anatolicus on clay loamy soils. UK, Basingstokeomyces allii (incl. Basingstokeomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Allium schoenoprasum. Ukraine, Xenosphaeropsis corni on recently dead stem of Cornus alba. USA, Nothotrichosporon aquaticum (incl. Nothotrichosporon gen. nov.) from water, and Periconia philadelphiana from swab of coil surface. Morphological and culture characteristics for these new taxa are supported by DNA barcodes.

La Reserva de la Biosfera Cabo de Hornos, Chile, ha sido identificada como un área de alta diversidad de briófitas y se ha sugerido que también lo sea para los líquenes. Sin embargo, en contraste con los extensos estudios de briófitas, sólo se habían realizado inventarios preliminares de líquenes en esta reserva. Realizamos el primer estudio florístico intensivo sobre la diversidad de líquenes en la isla Navarino durante los veranos australes de 2005 y 2008. Exploramos los principales tipos de hábitat de la isla, incluyendo áreas costeras, bosques siempreverdes y caducifolios, complejo de tundra de Magallanes y hábitats altoandinos (“alpinos”) en las cumbres de las montañas. Se consideraron los diferentes sustratos sobre los que crecen los líquenes: corteza, madera (incluidos troncos, tocones), tierra, musgos y rocas. Registramos un total de 416 taxones, aunque algunos de ellos no se identificaron a nivel de especie. Un resultado principal es el hallazgo de dos especies que se proponen como nuevas: el liquen Candelariella magellanica y el hongo sapróbico Sclerococcum nothofagi que crece sobre la corteza de árboles del género Nothofagus. Además, una especie de hongo liquenícola, Tremella haematommatis, se registró por primera vez en la isla Navarino. Estos resultados proporcionan evidencia adicional sobre la gran diversidad de líquenes que se conservan en la Reserva de la Biosfera Cabo de Hornos