Muhammad Fahad Ehsan

Esterification of amino acids: a key transformation in synthetic peptide chemistry.

Simplifying water electrolysis systems and enhancing hydrogen production efficiency can be achieved by developing high‐performance electrocatalysts. This paper presents the synthesis of nickel‐doped indium selenide (Ni@InSe) on nickel foam (NF) through a hydrothermal reaction. The distinct three‐dimensional structure of NF acts as the reaction skeleton, facilitating gas diffusion and electron conduction. Different physical and electrochemical techniques successfully characterize the synthesized materials. InSe carries 0.10043 s ^{− 1} , while the doped material Ni@InSe carries 0.1308 s ^{− 1} TOF values. The XRD results show that InSe and Ni@InSe exhibited crystal sizes of about 45 and 30 nm, respectively. InSe and Ni@InSe revealed an overpotential of 349 and 260 mV at 10 mA·cm ⁻² current density through a minor Tafel slope value of 70 and 35 mV·dec ⁻¹ , respectively, within 1.0 M KOH electrolyte. Doped material also exhibits excellent stability as well. These extraordinary results are owing to the extremely crystalline nature, several active sites, great electrical conductivity, and porosity of the synthesized material, which refers it to its use in different energy‐related fields.

Granular activated carbon (GAC) serves as a cost-efficient electrocatalyst cathode in electrochemical water treatment. This study investigates the impact of current intensity and cathode mesh size on the electrocatalytic generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), i.e., hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH), for removing p-nitrophenol (PNP) as a representative contaminant. The findings suggest that these parameters exert a factorial effect on PNP removal, which is statistically endorsed via the analysis of variance. The −20 + 40 mesh GAC exhibited superior electrocatalytic performance due to its optimal balance of porosity and active surface area. Additionally, the reactor configuration was also studied. Employing two reactors in series configuration resulted in a 23% increase in H₂O₂ generation and a 32% enhancement in overall PNP removal compared with the single reactor configuration. This enhancement is attributed to (i) the enhanced electroactive area, (ii) the greater retention time of PNP over the electrocatalyst surface, and (iii) the increased dissolved oxygen and H₂O₂ content in the second reactor, promoting the overall H₂O₂ generation. Numerical simulations were conducted to compute H₂O₂ concentration profiles, providing a detailed representation of the physical, chemical, and electrochemical processes. The model exhibited a high degree of accuracy compared with the experimental measurements, with R² values ranging from ~0.76 to 0.99 and MAE values between ~0.04 and 0.23 mg/L. The simulation results highlight a strong interplay between H₂O₂ generation, its reaction kinetics during PNP removal, and electrode utilization efficiency. These findings emphasize the importance of optimizing the applied current magnitude and reactor operation duration to maximize electrode efficiency and H₂O₂ generation and utilization, while minimizing electrochemical bubble blockage. Overall, this study provides fundamental insights to optimize the electroactive area for enhanced ROS generation toward efficient contaminant removal, supporting sustainable groundwater remediation technologies in the face of emerging pollutants.

A simple one‐step hydrothermal process was employed to develop a favorable class of materials toward energy storage devices such as supercapacitors. The electrode material was characterized using state‐of‐the‐art techniques, along with electrochemical parameters, including galvanostatic charge–discharge, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry, toward investigate energy storage behaviors, such as specific capacitance (C_sp), power density, and energy density. Scalable Bi₂S₃ nanorods deposited on eggshell membrane electrodes (ESMEs) exhibit a much greater C_sp of 580.61 F/g on 1 A/g. Calculated energy densities are 29.3, 22.7, 18.8, and 15.0 W h/kg, whereas the power densities are 263.1, 349.3, 663.1, and 870.0 W/kg at 1, 2, 5, and with 10 A/g, respectively. These impressive conclusions are attributed to the enhanced electroactive surface area of Bi₂S₃/ESME (625 cm²). The unique structure of these materials, featuring a substantial surface area (78.3 cm²/g), contributes to this enhanced performance. The findings of this study could inform new strategies for boosting the performance of future applications.

Green and sustainable energy alternatives to replace fossil fuels are a topic of research in scientific community, thus yielding pursuit of advancing renewable energy systems with hydrogen emerging as a suitable and viable alternative. Efficient and non‐precious metal catalysts are crucial for large‐scale electrochemical water splitting yielding clean H ₂ . Here, a novel two‐step hydrothermal synthesis approach to fabricate manganese–cobalt selenide nano‐cubes grown directly on nickel foam (NF) (MnCo ₂ Se ₄ /NF) is adopted. Leveraging its hierarchically structured architecture, augmented active sites, and electrochemically active surface area, MnCo ₂ Se ₄ /NF material demonstrates exceptional electrocatalytic performance for both water oxidation and reduction. With an overpotential of 233 mV for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and 187 mV for hydrogen evolution reaction at a current density of 10 mA/cm ² , MnCo ₂ Se ₄ /NF also exhibits a Tafel slope of 44 mV/dec for sluggish OER process. Notably, this nanocrystalline catalyst displays enhanced catalytic activity under alkaline conditions, accelerates water dissociation, and maintains good stability over 50 h. Outperforming state‐of‐the‐art RuO ₂ , particularly in two‐electrode assemblies with an overpotential of 218 mV at 10 mA/cm ² , this work offers a promising pathway for designing and manufacturing of innovative bifunctional electrocatalysts for efficient water splitting processes, thereby contributing to broader goal of sustainable energy production.