Jonnathan Guadalupe Santillán Benítez

Escherichia coli es una bacteria comensal que incluye cepas patógenas causantes de diarreas infantiles, infecciones del tracto urinario y enfermedades sistémicas graves. Su patogenicidad depende de factores de virulencia específicos y de la creciente resistencia antimicrobiana, especialmente betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) y carbapenemasas. La OMS identifica la resistencia en E. coli como una de las principales amenazas globales a la salud pública, agravada por el uso inadecuado de antibióticos y la diseminación de clones multirresistentes. Este trabajo presenta una revisión bibliográfica estructurada y sistematizada no alineándose completamente a las pautas de PRISMA, contemplándose publicaciones científicas publicadas entre 2010 y 2025, obtenidas de bases de datos como ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, Redalyc, SciELO y Google Scholar, en idiomas inglés y español. Se incluyeron artículos originales, revisiones y capítulos de libros que contuvieran en el título, resumen o palabras clave términos relacionados con patotipos de E. coli, multirresistencia a betalactámicos y BLEE; se excluyeron duplicados y literatura gris. La revisión describe los principales patotipos diarregénicos (EPEC, ETEC, EIEC, EHEC, EAEC, DAEC) y extraintestinales (ExPEC), sus factores de virulencia clave (adhesinas, toxinas, sideróforos, biopelículas) y mecanismos de resistencia predominantes (BLEE tipo CTX-M, carbapenemasas, bombas de eflujo). Se resalta la diseminación global de clones de alto riesgo (ST131, ST410) y la utilidad de herramientas como secuenciación genómica completa (WGS), PCR multiplex y MALDI-TOF para vigilancia y diagnóstico rápido. Además, se abordan estrategias terapéuticas emergentes (cefiderocol, plazomicina, fagoterapia, péptidos antimicrobianos) y preventivas (vacunas en desarrollo, probióticos).

El RNA desempeña un papel crucial en la expresión de los genes. Dentro del grupo de los RNA, se encuentran los miRNA, pequeñas moléculas de RNA que tienen la capacidad de regular la actividad de los genes. A diferencia del RNA mensajero (RNAm), que codifica proteínas, los miRNA no se traducen en proteínas, sino que se unen a RNAm específicos para regular su expresión. Estos pequeños fragmentos de RNA pueden inhibir la traducción del RNAm o inducir su degradación, lo que lleva a una disminución en la producción de la proteína codificada por ese RNAm. En este capítulo, exploraremos en detalle la fascinante función de los miRNA en la regulación génica, la interacción entre las mismas moléculas y su implicación en el cáncer. Investigaremos cómo los miRNA pueden influir en el desarrollo, diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer de mama y cómo su estudio podría abrir nuevas perspectivas terapéuticas en el campo de la medicina.

DNA serves as the foundation for molecular biology, leading to the development of numerous molecular techniques. Often, these techniques necessitate the separation and visualization of specific DNA regions. Electrophoresis provides a solution for this requirement. However, the purification of DNA from agarose gels presents a significant challenge, both in terms of complexity and cost. Therefore, here we propose two main protocols that are both cost-effective and efficient based on silica columns or freezing follow by alcohol precipitation. In the case of silica column extraction, the gel was partially or completely dissolved, yielding DNA in most situations. In the case of extraction by freezing and precipitation with ethanol, DNA was obtained in only two out of three treatments. A successful bacterial transformation and PCR were achieved confirmed the suitability of the recovered DNA for further applications.

(1) Background: Could compounds such as monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes present in essential plant oils inhibit bacterial growth as an alternative to help mitigate bacterial resistance? The purpose of this study is evaluating the in vitro antibacterial effect of Lippia organoides EO (LEO) and Thymus vulgaris EO (TEO), individually and in combination with ampicillin, against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli strains; (2) Methods: Experimental in vitro design with post-test. The EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation and were analyzed by GC. ESBL-producing E. coli strains used were selected from urine cultures and the bla_CTX-M and bla_TEM resistance genes were identified by end point PCR. The disk diffusion method was used for the susceptibility tests. The MICs and MBCs were determined by microdilution test. Finally, the interaction effect was observed by checkerboard assay; (3) Results: A 39.9% decrease in the growth of the strain thymol in TEO and 70.4% in carvacrol in LEO was shown, observing inhibition halos of 32 mm for both EOs. MICs of 632 and 892 μg/mL for LEO and 738 and 940 μg/mL for TEO were determined. Finally, it was observed that, at low doses, there is a synergistic effect between TEO + LEO and EOs + ampicillin; (4) Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that TEO and LEO have an inhibitory effect on ESBL-producing E. coli, suggesting that they are candidates for further studies in the formulation of antibiotics to reduce bacterial resistance to traditional antibiotics.

Obesity and overweight are diseases characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in the body and are defined as an increase in Body Mass Index (BMI) with values greater than 25 kg/m2. Multiple causes of these increases in BMI have been reported. Some have been attributed to the expression of several genes involved in the leptin and adiponectin pathway as well as postmenopausal stage in women. In this research, we focused on evaluating whether the expression of ObRb, AdipoR1, and CYP19 genes have any association with the increase in BMI in the female population of Mexico City over 55 years of age. For this, we worked with a group of 45 women volunteers without the diagnosis of any confirmed pathology. The study population was classified into three groups (average weight, overweight and obese) according to their BMI and was characterized according to their clinical data of blood cytometry and blood chemistry. At the same time, RT-PCR determined ObRb, Adi-poR1, and CYP19 gene expression. Obtained results showed a moderate correlation (r=0.648, p=0.043) of ObRb gene expression in women with obesity and a moderate negative correlation (r= -0.389, p=0.034) AdipoR1 gene in women with overweight or obesity. Based on BMI data, more than 70 % of the study population was overweight and obese.Also, it was found that 64 % of the study population exceeded 150 mg/dL of triglycerides which is the normal healthy range.

Introduction. Chemoresistance is a multifactorial phenomenon implicated in all failed therapies and accounts for 90% of all cancer deaths and 30% of relapses. Objective. To understand the genetic mechanisms by which cancer cells acquire resistance to chemo drugs. Methodology. A non-systematic review study was carried out, in which genes and proteins involved in chemoresistance were searched using the terms “Cancer Drug resis-tance [Title/Abstract]”. From the articles obtained, highly involved genes, emerging genes, and proteins related to resistance were recognized. To obtain more specific information about genes, their interactions, and proteins associated with metabolism, the tools “The Human Protein Atlas”, “STRING CONSORTIUM 2022,” and The Small Molecule Pa- thway Database were used for their review. Results. From this review it was found that there are genes highly related to resistance such as: ABCA3, ABCB1, ABCB2, ABCC1, ABCC2, ABCG2, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, GSTA1. Recently recognised genes such as: FOXO3,FOXM1, Skp2, Snail, Twist1, ZEB1 and SLCO1B3. Conclusions. It is necessary to taking account new approaches related to cancer treatments considering chemoresistence and the genes related to the resistence.

Background: Melt granulation (MG) is a simple operation involving a uniform mixture of active ingredients with a melted polymeric carrier. However, this process can also enhance a drug's biopharmaceutical properties by augmenting its dissolution rate and, thus, its absorption. Purpose: By applying MG technology, current research focuses on developing co-processed ketoconazole with a higher aqueous dissolution rate than its pure form. Methods: A measure of how the type and proportion of polymeric carriers affect the crystallinity and dissolution rate of co-processed ketoconazole materials was performed. MG prepared materials in a high-shear mixer using co-povidone (Kollidon®) VA 64, HPMCAS HF as polymeric carriers, PEG 1450 (Kollisolv®) and triethyl citrate as plasticizers. Results: The co-processed ketoconazole materials exhibited miscibility in the polymeric systems, as indicated by the reduction in the enthalpy of fusion. Drug crystallinity was significantly reduced in the HPMCAS HF polymeric system, confirmed by XRPD and ATR-FTIR studies. The dissolution rate was enhanced by using a higher drug concentration in a co-povidone VA 64 environment; contrarily, for HPMCAS HF, a higher drug dilution was observed to favor the dissolution rate. Conclusions: MG is a handy, low-cost technology that develops dissolution-enhanced co-processed active pharmaceutical ingredients, spotting specific carrier-drug interactions. MG yields scalable, proven processes, raising interest in its applications in optimizing drug therapeutic efficacy. Ultimately, this technology for dissolution enhancement could bring lower-cost, high-efficiency drugs to improve patients' quality of life.

Se analizaron datos de E. coli productora de BLEEs aisladas de pacientes de diferentes áreas hospitalarias por medio de las interacciones que existen entre los antibiogramas y las áreas a través de análisis de varianza (ANOVA) de dos factores y la prueba de Bartlett para homocedasticidad. Se encontró una incidencia del 45% de E. coli y de 135 cepas muestreadas, el 4.58% fue E. coli BLEE. Además, usando una prueba de Bartlett, se determinó que existe una diferencia significativa entre las áreas y en sus pruebas fenotípicas, por lo que se deben implementar medidas de capacitación, control y prevención en el sector salud para evitar en mayor medida la propagación de infecciones entre áreas de salud pública.

Although liposomal doxorubicin (LPD) is widely used for cancer treatment, knowledge concerning the toxicity induced by this drug in healthy organs and tissues is limited. LPD-induced toxicity studies relative to free doxorubicin (DOX) have focused on cardiotoxicity in tumor-bearing animals. On the other hand, the results on DOX-induced cardiotoxicity depending on gender are controversial. One of the manifestations of toxicity is tissue inflammation. ⁶⁷Ga-citrate has been used for decades to assess inflammation in various pathologies. In this work, the ex vivo biodistribution of ⁶⁷Ga-citrate is used to evaluate induced multi-organ toxicity in healthy 10-week-old male and female CD1 mice treated for 5 weeks with LPD. Toxicity in males, determined by ⁶⁷Ga-citrate, was evident only in the target organs of liposomes (spleen, liver, kidneys, and lungs); the average weight loss was 11% and mortality was 14%. In female mice, ⁶⁷Ga-citrate revealed a cytotoxic effect in practically all organs, the average weight loss was 37%, and the mortality after the last dose of LPD was 66%. These results confirm the usefulness of ⁶⁷Ga-citrate and the importance of stratifying by sex in the toxicological evaluation of drugs.

Studies on bioactivities of numerous essential oils (EOs) and herbal extracts compounds against diseases are crucial. Microencapsulation methods development might be an alternative to obtain bioactive compounds for cosmetics and pharmaceutical uses. In this study, we carried out a literature review of 219 503 data articles using ScienceDirect, Redalyc, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, and Google Scholar databases in English and Spanish, after with inclusion (original articles, book chapters, and theoretical references) and exclusion criteria (frameworks description), we found 1854 restricting the publication years between 2004 and August 2020 and 35 relevant articles with our scope research. References found contained a collection of methods that could be utilized to create microcapsules, including coacervation, extrusion, polymerization, and spray drying. This article analyzed the most recent and advanced microencapsulation techniques and their applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Herbal extracts and EOs have many applications, depending on the wall materials and microencapsulation methods that could help know about selective release and efficacy to ensure optimal dosing and other advantages; thus, improving the profitability of these product manufacturers.