Eric John Vanman

Past research has suggested women are more emotionally expressive and perceptive, and this is typically endorsed as a belief shared by the public (Briton & Hall, 1995; Plant et al., 2000; Timmers et al., 2003). However, there is a growing literature of mixed results finding generally small effects of gender on expression and perception. Little research has used genuine expressions and perceptions to assess whether expression or perception of emotion in daily life differs by gender. In this study, we collected multiple emotional expressions and the corresponding self-reports of emotion experience. Expressions were collected from 128 participants (94 female; 34 male). Another 824 participants (494 female, 313 male, 17 other) reported what emotion they perceived in those expressions. This resulted in 3775 emotion perceptions from 772 expressions. No difference across genders was found for either emotion expression or emotion perception. This research aligns with broader research identifying that the effect of gender on emotion expression and perception is dependent on context and social expectations, and typically small when identified. With extended naturalistic expressions, any possible gender differences could not be detected.

Allowing for almost instantaneous audio-visual connection to others from anywhere around the globe, the Internet has become a favored communication medium in all major life domains-work, education, romantic relationships, etc. Certain features of the Internet, however, such as anonymity and untraceablity, afford opportunities for deviation from traditional ethical and moral norms. Cases of such Internet deviance include, yet are not limited to, trolling, cyberbullying, ghosting, stalking, and catfishing. The experience, both direct and vicarious, of these phenomena can have significant physical, psychological, and social impact.Given this impact, Internet deviance is a highly relevant societal topic. The aim of this research collection was to gather and integrate recent findings in the field with the ultimate goal of identifying possible prevention and coping mechanisms. In particular, we wished to achieve better understanding within the following areas: motivations behind deviant Internet behaviors; evolution over time of deviant behavior on the Internet (for example, changes in netiquette, privacy policies, education as a result of instances of Internet deviance); cognitive and affective aspects of Internet deviance perception; standards associated with human and AI behavior online that may lead to perception of Internet deviance. The articles in the collection delve into many of these topics to varying degrees, but the central focus is placed on the motivation, causes, and consequences of several Internet behaviors that classify as "deviant"-trolling, cybervictimization-and-bullying, and problematic Internet use.In an empirical study Nitschinsk et al. (2023) show that trolling on the Internet (intentionally seeking to deceive and aggress others; e.g., Buckels et al., 2019), both in terms of acceptance and perpetration, is not only driven by personality traits (sadism and psychopathy) but is also partially mediated by toxic motivations for anonymous selfexpression online. By demonstrating that a property of the communication medium (i.e., anonymity) could benefit those engaging in trolling behavior Nitschinsk et al. ( 2023) suggest that trolling may not be simply personality-driven as previously believed. The authors propose a functionalist perspective whereupon Internet anonymity may be a more likely predictor of online trolling than personality. This perspective not only advances the fundamental understanding of the trolling phenomenon, but also presents novel opportunities for the applied prevention of trolling by focusing, for example, on imposing limitations on online anonymity under certain conditions.Drawing upon General Strain Theory (Agnew, 2006), Li and Peng (2022) demonstrate through binary logistic regression analyses that low self-control is associated with higher strain and increased likelihood of engaging in cyberbullying (purposeful act against an individual or a group on the Internet; e.g., Smith et al., 2008) for both cyberbullies cybervictims (those affected by cyberbullying; e.g., Betts, 2015). Importantly, regression and correlational analyses suggest that protective factors, such as constraints (i.e., factors that deter, inhibit, or dissuade criminal behavior; Agnew, 2005) and morality, may have mitigating effects on strain and engagement in cyberbullying behaviors. Insights for cyberbullying prevention stemming from this research are the design of strain-reductionbased and emotion regulation intervention methods such as, e.g., venting and reappraisal.Further understanding on the cybervictimization-cyberbullying link is reached by Luo et al ( 2023) who demonstrate through a chain mediation model that the predictive power of cybervictimization (becoming a victim of cyberbullying) for engagement in cyberbullying behavior is enhanced in a sequential fashion by stress and rumination. This newly uncovered mechanism suggests that optimal strategies for prevention of cyberbullying might include intervention at the post-victimization stress and rumination stages (e.g., by increasing family support). Thus, the model of Luo et al ( 2023) presents opportunities to study cybervictimization and cyberbullying in terms of multi-factor systems that include the roles of social norms, groups, and institutions.A meta-analysis by Zhu et al. (2022) systematically examines and integrates multiple findings (79 independent samples, 114,098 subjects) regarding problematic Internet use (with a specific focus on addiction) and the quality of parent-child relationship (relationship between primary caregivers and children; e.g., Schneider et al., 2017). Their findings show an overall negative association between the two variables. Further, this relationship was moderated by the type of Internet use (e.g., excessive use, general addiction, game addiction, mobile phone addiction, social media addiction, etc.), characteristics of parent-child relationship (e.g., communication, affinity), age, country, and alternative measures of problematic Internet use and parent-child relationship. These results pinpoint practical considerations for improving everyday parent-child relationships (e.g., ensuring better monitoring in countries with high parent-child power distance, enhancing social support at particularly vulnerable ages, etc.). Further, these findings provide fruitful directions for future study of the link between these relationships and problematic Internet use, such as differentiation between parenting roles, scale development, establishing links to personality, and more.The articles in this collection provide insights of theoretical and applied nature about Amongst the most curious questions that arise in that respect would be one relating to perceived and applied "double standards"-would a human interaction partner be more willing to forgive or condemn AI engaging in behaviors that would be classified as "deviant" when attributed to another human?

Empathy has the potential to bridge political divides. Here, we examine barriers to cross-party empathy and explore when and why these differ for liberals and conservatives. In four studies, U.S. and U.K. participants (Total N = 4,737) read hypothetical scenarios and extended less empathy to suffering political opponents than allies or neutral targets. These effects were strongly shown by liberals but were weaker among conservatives, such that conservatives consistently showed more empathy to liberals than liberals showed to conservatives. This asymmetry was partly explained by liberals’ harsher moral judgments of outgroup members (Studies 1-4) and the fact that liberals saw conservatives as more harmful than conservatives saw liberals (Studies 3-4). The asymmetry persisted across changes in the U.S. government and was not explained by perceptions of political power (Studies 3 and 4). Implications and future directions are discussed.

Cognitive load reduces both empathy and prosocial behaviour. However, studies demonstrating these effects have induced cognitive load in a temporally limited, artificial manner that fails to capture real-world cognitive load. Drawing from cognitive load theory, we investigated whether naturally occurring cognitive load from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic moderated the relationship between empathy and prosocial behaviour (operationalised as support for public health measures). This large study in an Australian sample (N = 600) identified negative relationships between pandemic fatigue, empathy for people vulnerable to COVID-19, and prosocial behaviour, and a positive relationship between empathy and prosocial behaviour. Additionally, we found that the negative effect of the pandemic on prosocial behaviour depended on empathy for vulnerable others, with pandemic fatigue’s effects lowest for those with the highest empathy. These findings highlight the interrelationships of cognitive load and empathy, and the potential value of eliciting empathy to ease the impact of real-world cognitive load on prosocial behaviour.

Emotional tears enhance perceptions of sadness and promote helping behaviors, but it is yet to be established whether they also influence the way we gaze at emotional faces. This is an important question to address given that how people visually attend to faces plays a critical role during social interaction and may also be used to regulate emotional arousal. We used eye-tracking to quantify the time spent gazing to the eyes and mouths of emotional faces. Participants' (N = 131) gaze patterns were monitored while they viewed stimuli that were manipulated to have tears present or absent. The key finding to emerge was that participants gazed less at the eyes of faces when tears were present compared with absent, suggesting that perceiving tears may be emotionally aversive. These findings are discussed in relation to prior work that suggests eye-gaze is used to regulate emotional arousal. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Purpose: The paper aims to examine whether (1) deviation of design (i.e. objective design newness) is distinct to consumers' perception of design newness (i.e. subjective design newness) and (2) subjective design newness rather than objective design newness evokes the emotion of interest and enhances product evaluation.Design/methodology/approach: In total five sets of quasi-experiments were conducted on the natural manipulations of design newness. Specifically, the first four studies examine consumers' perception of design newness, feeling-of-interest and product evaluation toward old and new Apple's iOS (i.e., iPhone OS) icons when a new Apple's iOS is released. The fifth study generalized the findings to the new design of XiaoMi MiPhone.Findings: Across five quasi-experimental studies, the authors found that (1) consumers do not necessarily perceive an objectively new design to be subjectively new; (2) subjective design newness, but not objective design newness, evokes interest and (3) interest, in turn, enhances product evaluation and behavioral intention toward an innovation.Research limitations/implications: The current finding extended the current literature on design newness by demonstrating that subjective (vs objective) design newness provides a more holistic account of consumers' interest and positive product evaluation toward the innovations.Practical implications: The research showed that simply updating or altering the design of a product does not evoke consumers' perception of design newness and positive product evaluation. Instead, designer and managers must explore ways to evoke consumers' perception of novelty, complexity, unfamiliarity, atypicality and difference. Furthermore, the current finding demonstrated that subjective design newness can be used to evoke consumer interest and, therefore, result in positive purchase evaluation.Originality/value: The current research is the first to examine (1) the difference between objective and subjective design newness, (2) the emotional response toward design newness and (3) the emotion of interest as a mediator that explain the strong relationship between design newness and positive product evaluation.