Fiona Bartoli

Alors que l’entrée SOC (store-operated Ca2+ entry) portée par les canaux calciques TRPCs (transient receptor potential canonical) et Orai1 est essentielle dans les cellules non-excitables, son rôle physiologique dans les cardiomyocytes adultes reste à élucider. Néanmoins, il est largement admis qu’une entrée SOC exacerbée dépendante des canaux TRPCs et de la protéine régulatrice STIM1 participe à la pathogenèse de l’hypertrophie et de l’insuffisance cardiaque (IC) par induction de voies pro-hypertrophiques telles que la CaMKII (Ca2+/calmoduline-dépendante kinase II ) et la calcineurine (CaN)/NFAT (Nuclear factor of activated T-cells). Au contraire, une inhibition fonctionnelle ou une extinction génique des canaux TRPCs et de la protéine STIM1 serait cardioprotectrice contre le stress hypertrophique. Cependant, le rôle physiopathologique des canaux calciques Orai1 dans le cœur reste, à ce jour, méconnu et débattu puisque son extinction in vitro présente un effet bénéfique contre l’hypertrophie des cardiomyocytes alors que son extinction in vivo présente des effets délétères avec le développement d’une cardiomyopathie dilatée. De plus amples investigations quant au rôle d’Orai1 dans la physiopathologie cardiaque apparaissent donc primordiales. De ce fait, les objectifs de ma thèse sont d’explorer le rôle de la signalisation calcique dépendante d’Orai1 dans le cœur dans des conditions physiologiques et pathologiques grâce à un modèle de souris transgéniques exprimant un mutant non fonctionnel d’Orai1, spécifiquement dans le cœur (dn-Orai1R91W/tTa) et un inhibiteur pharmacologique sélectif, le JPIII. Tout d’abord, nous montrons que les souris dn-Orai1R91W/tTa présentent une fonction cardiaque normale et une homéostasie calcique impliquée dans le couplage excitation-contraction conservée suggérant qu’Orai1 n’a pas de rôle majeur dans le coeur adulte en condition physiologique. Cependant, nous avons démontré une augmentation de l’expression et de l’activité d’Orai1 dans un modèle murin d’hypertrophie cardiaque induite par surcharge de pression, qui serait délétère pour la fonction ventriculaire. Au contraire, l’inhibition fonctionnelle d’Orai1 par manipulation génétique ou par l’outil pharmacologique (JPIII) semble protéger le coeur des dysfonctions ventriculaires au cours de l’hypertrophie. Cet effet bénéfique passerait par une restauration de l’homéostasie calcique et notamment par un maintien de l’expression de la pompe ATPase SERCA2a. Nous avons également mis en évidence que la voie de l’aldostérone/récepteurs aux minéralocorticoïdes modulait l’expression des canaux TRPC1, -C4, -C5 et notamment Orai1 via la protéine SGK1 (Serum and Glucocorticoid-regulated Kinase 1) dans les cardiomyocytes ventriculaires de rat nouveaux-nés. L’activation de cette voie de signalisation pourrait être à l’origine de la surexpression des canaux TRPCs/Orai1 retrouvée au cours de l’hypertrophie cardiaque. Ces travaux décrivent donc Orai1 comme une cible thérapeutique potentielle dans le traitement de l’hypertrophie cardiaque et de l’IC.

The large membrane protein PIEZO1 assembles as trimers to form exceptional mechanical force-sensing ion channels of eukaryotes. When these channels are activated by force, cell membrane permeability to calcium ions and other ions increases rapidly, coupling force to cell function through ionic control. In humans and other species, PIEZO1 is both widely expressed and functional across major systems that include the cardiovascular, haematological and musculoskeletal systems, thereby serving diverse needs. In this narrative review of the scientific literature, we address what has been learned about PIEZO1 from associations of its gene variation with human characteristics. A particular physiological importance of PIEZO1 is emerging in lymphatics and thus in the control of tissue fluid homeostasis with relevance to the disease conditions of non-immune fetal hydrops and generalized lymphatic dysplasia. Other vascular relevance is seen in lower limb venous varicosities. PIEZO1 may be non-essential in red blood cells but the amplification of its function by gene variation quite selectively alters these cells, leading to haemolytic anaemia and other related disturbances that may be only mildly adverse and confer survival advantage. We speculate on what else might be learned in humans, guided by knowledge from PIEZO1 studies in mice, and describe how knowledge accumulated to date highlights new opportunities for PIEZO1 understanding and pathways to patient benefit.

How cardiovascular activity beneficially regulates lipid homeostasis is unclear. Here we hypothesise a mechanism in which mechanical force sensed by PIEZO1 ion channels in endothelium links blood flow to lipid regulation. We engineered mice for conditional deletion of PIEZO1 in endothelium and determined consequences for lipid regulation. Prominent are upregulated expression of hepatic Cyp7a1 and intestinal Ldlr genes, which are pivotal in cholesterol catabolism and excretion. Consistent with such regulation is endothelial PIEZO1-dependence of hepatic, intestinal and whole body cholesterol and bile homeostasis. There is organ perfusion-dependent gene regulation via endothelial PIEZO1 and downstream nitric oxide synthase. Endothelial PIEZO1-deleted mice are protected against hyperlipidaemia and ectopic fat deposition. Human PIEZO1 gene variants and a recapitulated human PIEZO1 gain-of-function variant in mice associate with dyslipidaemia. The data suggest lipid-promoting effects of endothelial force sensing and new opportunity for understanding and addressing problems of hyperlipidaemia.

PIEZO1 is a subunit of mechanically-activated, nonselective cation channels. Gain-of-function PIEZO1 mutations are associated with dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis (DHS), a type of anaemia, due to abnormal red blood cell function. Here, we hypothesised additional effects on the heart. Consistent with this hypothesis, mice engineered to contain the M2241R mutation in PIEZO1 to mimic a DHS mutation had increased cardiac mass and interventricular septum thickness at 8–12 weeks of age, without altered cardiac contractility. Myocyte size was greater and there was increased expression of genes associated with cardiac hypertrophy (Anp, Acta1 and β-MHC). There was also cardiac fibrosis, increased expression of Col3a1 (a gene associated with fibrosis) and increased responses of isolated cardiac fibroblasts to PIEZO1 agonism. The data suggest detrimental effects of excess PIEZO1 activity on the heart, mediated in part by amplified PIEZO1 function in cardiac fibroblasts.

Piezo1 forms mechanically activated nonselective cation channels that contribute to endothelial response to fluid flow. Here we reveal an important role in the control of capillary density. Conditional endothelial cell–specific deletion of Piezo1 in adult mice depressed physical performance. Muscle microvascular endothelial cell apoptosis and capillary rarefaction were evident and sufficient to account for the effect on performance. There was selective upregulation of thrombospondin-2 (TSP2), an inducer of endothelial cell apoptosis, with no effect on TSP1, a related important player in muscle physiology. TSP2 was poorly expressed in muscle endothelial cells but robustly expressed in muscle pericytes, in which nitric oxide (NO) repressed the Tsp2 gene without an effect on Tsp1. In endothelial cells, Piezo1 was required for normal expression of endothelial NO synthase. The data suggest an endothelial cell–pericyte partnership of muscle in which endothelial Piezo1 senses blood flow to sustain capillary density and thereby maintain physical capability.

Whereas cardiac TRPC (transient receptor potential canonical) channels and the associated store-operated Ca²⁺ entry (SOCE) are abnormally elevated during cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, the mechanism of this upregulation is not fully elucidated but might be related to the activation of the mineralocorticoid pathway. Using a combination of biochemical, Ca²⁺ imaging, and electrophysiological techniques, we determined the effect of 24-h aldosterone treatment on the TRPCs/Orai-dependent SOCE in adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (ARVMs). The 24-h aldosterone treatment (from 100 nM to 1 µM) enhanced depletion-induced Ca²⁺ entry in ARVMs, as assessed by a faster reduction of Fura-2 fluorescence decay upon the addition of Mn²⁺ and increased Fluo-4/AM fluorescence following Ca²⁺ store depletion. These effects were prevented by co-treatment with a specific mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist, RU-28318, and they are associated with the enhanced depletion-induced N-[4-[3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]phenyl]-4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carboxamide (BTP2)-sensitive macroscopic current recorded by patch-clamp experiments. Molecular screening by qRT-PCR and Western blot showed a specific upregulation of TRPC1, TRPC5, and STIM1 expression at the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels upon 24-h aldosterone treatment of ARVMs, corroborated by immunostaining. Our study provides evidence that the mineralocorticoid pathway specifically promotes TRPC1/TRPC5-mediated SOCE in adult rat cardiomyocytes.

Endothelial cells selectively release cargo stored in Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) to regulate vascular function, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we show that histamine evokes the release of the proinflammatory ligand, P-selectin, while diverting WPBs carrying non-inflammatory cargo away from the plasma membrane to the microtubule organizing center. This differential trafficking is dependent on Rab46 (CRACR2A), a newly identified Ca²⁺-sensing GTPase, which localizes to a subset of P-selectin–negative WPBs. After acute stimulation of the H₁ receptor, GTP-bound Rab46 evokes dynein-dependent retrograde transport of a subset of WPBs along microtubules. Upon continued histamine stimulation, Rab46 senses localized elevations of intracellular calcium and evokes dispersal of microtubule organizing center–clustered WPBs. These data demonstrate for the first time that a Rab GTPase, Rab46, integrates G protein and Ca²⁺ signals to couple on-demand histamine signals to selective WPB trafficking.

For a long time, Ca²⁺ entry into cardiomyocytes was considered the sole domain of the L-type Ca²⁺ channel. Recently, STIM1/Orai1-mediated store-operated Ca²⁺ entry has been also reported to participate to Ca²⁺ influx in cardiac cells and has emerged as a key player to alter Ca²⁺ in the cardiomyocyte. In this review, we will highlight accumulated knowledge about the presence and the potential contribution of STIM1/Orai1-dependent SOCE to cardiac function and its role in the cardiac pathogenesis. Overall, even if STIM1/Orai1 proteins are present in the heart, contradictory results have been reported regarding their contribution to cardiac physiology and pathology, pointing out the necessity of further investigations, a major challenge over the coming years.