Behzad Abedi

Gut derived toxins such as p-cresol, p-cresyl sulfate (pCS) and indoxyl sulfate (IS), which belong to protein-bound uremic toxins that promote development of fibrosis inflammatory state associated with chronic kidney disease. One possible way to suppress the production of IS and pCS is to increase dietary fiber intake. The aim of the present study was to assess whether increasing dietary fiber, as high amylose diet, can affect the level of conventional and protein bound nitrogenous products. Fifty patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) on maintenance hemodialysis were randomly assigned to receive a diet containing resistant starch (HAM-RS2) or placebo over 8 weeks spanning February and September 2017 in the 29 Bahman hospital hemodialysis ward in Tabriz, Iran. Of these, 44 patients (23 from HAM-RS2 and 21 control) completed the study. Plasma levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid and other routine parameters were measured at the beginning and after 8 weeks of starting the supplementation. The levels of IS and p-cresol in the collected serum samples were also determined by HPLC at baseline and after intervention. There was significant reduction of creatinine and uric acid levels in HAM-RS2 supplemented patients when compared with control group (P < 0.05). Serum levels of IS was not changed significantly in both HAM-RS2 treated and control patients, whereas p-cresol level was reduced significantly during the study period in HAM-RS2 treated patients (P = 0.039). The change of other parameters including Hb, lipids, bone markers and hs-CRP were non-significant during the study in both groups. Administration of fermentable high fiber diet as HAM-RS2 decreased serum levels of some nitrogenous products such as serum creatinine and p-cresol as a gut derived nitrogenous product without change in IS levels in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Due to safety, without important side effects the administration of diet enriched with fermentable fiber is suitable for patients on maintenance dialysis.

Renal disease, such as nephritis and nephropathy, is very harmful to human health. Accordingly, how to achieve early diagnosis and enhance treatment for kidney disorders would be the important lesion. Nevertheless, the clues from the clinical data, such as biochemistry examination, serological examination, and radiological studies are quite indirect and limited. It is no doubt that pathological examination of kidney will supply the direct evidence. There is a requirement for greater understanding of image processing techniques for renal diagnosis to optimize treatment and patient care. This study aims to systematically review the literature on publications that has been used image processing methods on pathological microscopic image for renal diagnosis. Nine included studies revealed image analysis techniques for the diagnosis of renal abnormalities on pathological microscopic image, renal image studies are clustered as follows: Glomeruli Segmentation and analysis of the Glomerular basement membrane (55/55%), Blood vessels and tubules classification and detection (22/22%) and The Grading of renal cell carcinomas (22/22%). A medical image analysis method should provide an auto-adaptive and no external-human action dependency. In addition, since medical systems should have special characteristics such as high accuracy and reliability then clinical validation is highly recommended. New high-quality studies based on Moore neighborhood contour tracking method for glomeruli segmentation and using powerful texture analysis techniques such as the local binary pattern are recommended.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: One of the most important issues in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and congestive heart failure is fluid retention and volume overload accompanied by retention of nitrogenous waste products and some electrolytes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of Cross Linked Polyelectrolyte (CLP) on adsorption of fluid, nitrogenous waste products and electrolytes.

At the present time, imaging guided renal biopsy is used to provide diagnoses in most types of primary and secondary renal diseases. It has been claimed that renal biopsy can provide a link between diagnosis of renal disease and its pathological conditions. However, sometimes there is a considerable mismatch between patient renal outcome and pathological findings in renal biopsy. This is the time to address some new diagnostic methods to resolve the insufficiency of conventional percutaneous guided renal biopsy. Nanotechnology is still in its infancy in renal imaging; however, it seems that it is the next step in renal biopsy, providing solutions to the limitations of conventional modalities.