Elvira R. Zvereva

The development of hydrogen energy can significantly reduce the negative impact on the environment. For the successful implementation of hydrogen technologies, it is necessary to transform existing models of production, distribution, and consumption of both thermal and electrical energy. The processes of fuel conversion and combustion are complex and, in some cases, insufficiently studied. A complete replacement of natural gas with hydrogen requires an assessment of energy and environmental characteristics. This study aims to evaluate the operation of a gas turbine unit when transitioning to hydrogen fuel. The GE 6FA engine was chosen as the object of study. Mathematical modeling of this engine was conducted using the software complex “AS GRET” (Automated System for Gas Dynamic Calculations of Power Turbomachinery).

Relevance. The development of methods for controlling materials, products, substances and the natural environment should be completed by the validation stage. There is a well-known list of validation characteristics and recommendations for their evaluation for methods of controlling the composition of materials, products, substances and the natural environment. However, these descriptions and recommendations cannot be fully used in the case of methods for controlling the properties of materials, products, substances and the natural environment, in particular, the performance characteristics of fuels and motor oils.The purpose. Development of a procedure for validating methods for controlling the performance characteristics of fuels and motor oils and confirming the possibility of its practical implementation.Methods. The practical verification of the theoretical provisions was carried out during the validation of the method for controlling the thermal and oxidative stability of jet engine fuels under dynamic conditions. The essence of the method is to estimate the amount of deposits formed during the oxidation of fuel for jet engines under conditions of its pumping through an annular channel along a heated evaluation tube located inside the channel. Oxidation products accumulate as deposits on the surface of the evaluation tube, reducing its reflectivity, and on the filter element of the control filter, increasing the pressure drop on the control filter. Thermal and oxidative stability is monitored according to the following indicators: thermal stability index, the temperature at which deposits form, and the rate of pressure drop across the filter. The method is implemented on the basis of the DTS-4 laboratory installation.Results. Based on the specifics of the procedure and the controls used, a set of validation characteristics of methods for monitoring the operational properties of fuels and motor oils is proposed: precision and accuracy of the control method; suitability of controls; range of values of controlled quantities; sensitivity of the control method to changes in the composition of fuel (oil); robustness of the method to small changes in control parameters; comparison of the newly developed method with already known methods having a similar functional purpose; the quality of modeling of the studied chemmotological process. To increase the efficiency of validation work, it is advisable to provide an additional stage for the development of a control sample with constant, guaranteed reproducible values characterizing the performance properties of motor fuels and oils (the internal standard of the control method).Conclusion. The experience of validating the DTS-4 method shows that the developed procedure for validating methods for monitoring the performance characteristics of fuels and motor oils ensures that a sufficient amount of objective data is obtained that the new control method allows obtaining reliable information about a given operational property of the studied petroleum product.

PURPOSE. Modernization of the PGU with an increase in thermal power and preservation of electrical power using a block afterburning device (BDU) in a heat recovery boiler (CU). METHODS. Comparative studies of the characteristics of the PGU-450 without a BDU and with an installed DBU were conducted results. As a result of comparative studies of the main characteristics of the PGU-450 and the main characteristics of the PGU-450 before and after installation of the DBU in recovery boilers, it was shown that the use of the BDU effectively solves the problem of covering peak thermal loads in the transition periods of the OSP (spring – summer; autumn – winter); the possibility of long-term operation of the BDU during the entire period of operation of the PG unit is shown; it is revealed that it is most advisable to implement the BDU on the PGU blocks for which the obligations under the DPM agreements have expired. By increasing the electric power by 6% (in the heating mode), the payment for power in the KOM market increases; an increase in the electric power of the PGU unit when operating in condensation mode by 11% minimizes the under-supply of power to the OREM at outdoor temperatures above + 15 degrees; Despite a 3% increase in URUE to 190 g/kWh, the electric energy produced remains competitive in the OREM. CONCLUSION. Thus, as a result of the research, it was shown that when the DBU is switched on, the thermal power of the PGU-450 increases to 320 Gcal/hour, which makes it possible to cover the missing thermal power. Thus, the operation of the T-250 in a mode close to condensation with an URUT ee of 350 g / kWh is excluded, and the entire thermal load is covered by the PGU-450, but with a slightly degraded URUT ee of 190 g / kWh. Such a composition of the CHP equipment ensures the maximum possible economic efficiency of the plant in the electricity market with full coverage of heat consumption.

See the retraction notice E3S Web of Conferences 549, 00001 (2024), https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454900001

Перевод котельных на альтернативное топливо

PURPOSE. To consider the experience of using chemical water treatment waste in economic activity. To analyze scientific publications of Russian and foreign authors in order to determine the most popular industries in this waste and information about projects already implemented in Russia and abroad. To provide a brief analysis of the main areas of processing and disposal of sewage sludge in the world and in Russia. To assess the prospects for the use of chemical water treatment waste in the treatment of sewage sludge.METHODS. To achieve this goal, an assessment of the environmental impact of chemical water treatment waste on the environmental situation and human health was carried out on the example of Kazan CHP-1 (KTEC-1). A number of studies of KTEC-1 carbonate sludge have been carried out to determine the granulometric and elemental composition. results. The physico-chemical composition of carbonate sludge depends on a number of parameters of the water treatment system at an energy facility: the process of liming and coagulation of water, the amount of insoluble salts, the dewatering technology used, etc. Carbonate sludge is insoluble in water, has a typical chemical composition containing calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), calcium oxide (CaO), magnesium carbonate (MgCO₃), magnesium oxide (MgO), iron hydroxide (Fe(OH)₃), silicon dioxide (SiO₂), etc.CONCLUSION. The use of this type of technological process makes it possible to reduce the amount of calcium oxide used and replace it with calcium oxide from carbonate sludge. The use of carbonate sludge as a sediment stabilizer due to the CaO content is confirmed by laboratory studies. Due to these data, the disposal of chemical water treatment waste is ensured, less pollution of environmental objects is achieved.

The development of hydrogen energy in the Russian Federation has been interfered by a number of serious problems and issues connected with the innovative nature of this sector of economics. The problems include lack of experience in production, storage and transportation of “green” hydrogen. The development results within the Concept for the development of hydrogen energy present the Russian Federation as the largest exporter of hydrogen by 2050. The Concept estimates the future hydrogen production volumes to be as high as 200,000 tons by 2024, from 2 to 12 million ton by 2035 and from 15 to 50 million ton by 2050. Currently, there are projects on producing “green” hydrogen through electrolysis of water at hydroelectric stations. Moreover, there are different methods of hydrogen storage used in the Russian Federation. However, there is no transportation infrastructure for “green” hydrogen. Therefore, in order to build up transportation infrastructure the authors use economic calculations to consider and actualize the routes for transportation of the “green” hydrogen. To evaluate the profitability the infrastructure and the routes were created for transporting the “green” hydrogen as the export raw material produced in the Niznekamskya HES (Naberezhnye Chelny, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia) to the EU countries. The authors consider waterways, land routes and pipelines for delivering the “green hydrogen” as the transportation facilities and the cargo routes. They evaluate the indicators which characterize the “green” hydrogen transportation by means of waterway, railway and automobile transport and pipelines. The authors estimate the comparative payback periods for the hydrogen transportation by means of waterway, railway and automobile transport and pipelines along their main routes according to the hydrogen market price.

THE PURPOSE. A complex of various physico-chemical methods has been studied to explore the possibilities of reuse of oil residues (oil sludge) of low-sulfur high-paraffin oil deposits of the Mangyshlak peninsula (Kazakhstan) as a promising raw material for boiler and marine fuel with improved operational and environmental characteristics.METHODS. Determination of the conditional viscosity of oil sludge (in degrees Engler, ° E) was carried out using an Engler viscometer VU-M-PCP according to GOST 6258-85 «Petroleum products. The method of determining the conditional viscosity». Studies of the lowest working heat of combustion of oil sludge were carried out using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter ABK-1B (Russia) according to GOST 21261-91 "Petroleum products. Method for determining the highest heat of combustion and calculation of the lowest heat of combustion". Determination of the mass fraction of sulfur in the studied oil sludge was also carried out using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter ABK-1B (Russia) according to GOST 3877-88 «Petroleum products. Method of determination of sulfur by burning in a calorimetric bomb». To analyze the results obtained, data obtained using the nuclear magnetic resonance method were used. Proton NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE III NMR spectrometer operating at a frequency of 600.13 MHz for 1H and equipped with a highresolution inverse sensor for three cores (TXI, 5 mm). Data processing and analysis were performed using Bruker Topspin 3.6.1.RESULTS. It is shown that in terms of heat of combustion and viscosity properties at temperatures above 50 oC, this oil sludge is similar to boiler fuel oil M100. It was found that the use of carbonate sludge of chemical water treatment at a concentration of 0.1 wt. % allows you to further reduce the viscosity by 5-6% and reduce the sulfur content in the combustion products, without reducing the lower working heat of combustion of the oil product. The complex nature of the relationship between the width of NMR lines and viscous properties has been revealed, which may indicate the existence of associates of highmolecular paraffins even in slightly viscous liquid petroleum products. The nature and characteristic sizes of the resulting associates are discussed. It is shown that the addition of medium-distillate diesel fractions will make it possible to obtain a better fuel option for marine engines, gas turbine and boiler installations with a reduced amount of resinous-asphaltene substances, reduced viscosity values and solidification temperatures, high heat of combustion and low sulfur content.СONCLUSION. The conducted complex of physico-chemical studies has shown the possibility of using low-sulfur Mangyshlak oil sludge as a basis for obtaining fuel for marine engines, gas turbine and boiler plants, steam boilers and industrial furnaces.

During the synthesis of phosphabetaines and phosphonium salts that are good catalysts and antimicrobial agents, the formation of triphenylphosphine oxide was observed. A new synthesis method for phosphonium salts based on tertiary phosphines and substituted acrylic acids was suggested. In vitro antibacterial and antimycotic activity was determined in comparison to standard agents. Graphical Abstract

The existence of opportunities and prospects for scarce metals extraction from ash and slag waste of high-sulphur fuel oil burning was noted. The volatile ash produced during fuel combustion consisting mainly of metal oxides contains highly toxic substances. Their binding in a zone of burning of fuel is important not only for the purpose of extraction and further use in industry, but also to prevent their harmful environmental impact. It was shown that in the case of petroleum fuel oil an effective way to improve the performance of the fuel while maximizing the adverse environmental consequences of its combustion is to develop new generation effective fuel additives and improve filtration systems for flue gases. It has been established that the use of additives based on carbonate sludge makes it possible to achieve greater binding of metal oxides to non-volatile compounds in the burning zone of the fuel and their reduction in the composition of the emission gases. The mutual using of carbonate additives with the admixture of carbon nanotubes the effect may be even greater. Rational ash and slag waste utilization through the use of their beneficial properties will allow to free occupied areas and reduce environmental damage to the environment.