Pankaj Kumar Srivastava

The present study evaluated the socio-economic characteristics and aquaculture practices of fish farmers in Gorakhpur, Deoria, and Kushinagar districts of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. A total of 207 fish farmers were surveyed between December 2024 and February 2025 through structured personal interviews, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews, comprising 53 respondents from Gorakhpur, 76 from Deoria, and 78 from Kushinagar. Respondents were predominantly male and belonged to the middle-aged group (26-55 years), with most having intermediate or graduate-level education and operating small to medium-sized farms (0.5-5 acres). Aquaculture was the principal source of income in Gorakhpur and Deoria, whereas agriculture was the major livelihood source in Kushinagar, with most respondents reporting annual incomes of ₹1-10 lakhs. Pond-based aquaculture was dominant, groundwater was the primary water source, and composite fish culture was the most widely adopted production system. Hatcheries were the principal source of fish seed, while catfish was the most preferred cultured species, followed by Indian Major Carps, Exotic Major Carps, and pacu. These findings demonstrate the important contribution of aquaculture to rural livelihoods and income generation in Eastern Uttar Pradesh. However, limitations related to the cross-sectional survey design and the absence of advanced analytical modelling restrict the identification of causal relationships between socio-economic factors, management practices, and farm productivity. The findings provide useful baseline information for strengthening technical assistance, quality input supply, market access, and capacity-building programmes, while further analytical research is needed to identify the key determinants of productivity and economic performance.

The optimal management and utilization of natural resources is eventually important, due to increase in the consumption of natural resources and in view of this, the main aim of fisheries is to maintain the marine organisms at levels that produces maximum sustainable yield (MSY). In this study, the one step numerical approximations schemes are developed to find the solution of such bioeconomic fisheries models whose analytical solution is not possible. In the proposed work, the explicit Runge-Kutta scheme based on fourth order tetra geometric mean is established and this method solve fishery management models of Schaefer and Gordon-Schaefer. The models analyze bioeconomic growth rate, carrying capacity, total and marginal costs and revenues. In solving, the models through proposed tetra geometric mean Runge-Kutta method, it is obtained that the method is easy to implement. The results obtained are much better as compared to other methods when compared in terms of errors and central processing unit (CPU) time.

The given paper discusses an intuitionistic fuzzy discrete time-space optimization model while taking into account the COVID-19 pandemic. The novelty of this study is characterized by the proposal of a distinctive multi-objective intuitionistic fuzzy transportation model in which the demand function varies with time as the number of infected, exposed and susceptible persons increase. Forecasting of demand is executed using the epidemic diffusion model. Also, a new approach to defuzzify triangular intuitionistic fuzzy numbers, depending upon the concept of the golden ratio, is presented. Intuitionistic fuzzy programming approach is used to obtain the pareto-optimal solution. A real-life numerical illustration is explained using the proposed methodology to examine its practical suitability. Outperforming the existing traditional method of solving a transportation problem verifies its proficiency.

India at present is one of the leading countries in antimicrobial drug production and use, leading to increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and public health problems. Attention has mainly been focused on the human and food animals’ contribution to AMR neglecting the potential contribution of the perceptibly degraded aquatic environment in India. The paper reviews the available published literature in India on the prevalence of antimicrobial residues and their dissemination pathways in wastewater of pharmaceutical industries, sewage treatment plants, hospitals, riverine, community pond water, and groundwater. The prevalence of antimicrobial residue concentration, pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB), their drug resistance levels, and their specific antimicrobial resistant genes (ARGs) occurring in various water matrices of India have been comprehensively depicted from existing literature. The concentration of some widely used antimicrobials recorded from the sewage treatment plants and hospital wastewater and rivers in India has been compared with other countries. The ecotoxicological risk posed by these antimicrobials in the various water matrices in India indicated high hazard quotient (HQ) values for pharmaceutical effluents, hospital effluents, and river water. The degraded aquatic environment exhibited the selection of a wide array of co-existent resistant genes for antibiotics and metals. The review revealed improper use of antibiotics and inadequate wastewater treatment as major drivers of AMR contaminating water bodies in India and suggestion for containing the challenges posed by AMR in India has been proposed.

In literature, a variety of fuzzy transportation problems are discussed and solved by defuzzification of the fuzzy input values to the crisp values. This crisp-valued conversion, in the beginning, limits the features of fuzziness as it does not take into account the uncertainties occurring in the course of intermediate calculations. The present study is a successful effort to overcome this limitation by proposing a minimum demand supply-based methodology to obtain a fuzzy initial basic feasible solution (FIBFS) of the problem. A unique ordering of trapezoidal fuzzy numbers is proposed to make the demand and supply allocation in a fuzzy form. The proposed method has been applied to a special class of fuzzy transportation problems, having all the inputs viz. demand, supply, and cost as trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. Further, the incenter fuzzy ranking process is used to convert FIBFS in a crisp initial basic feasible solution (IBFS). The optimality of the IBFS thus obtained is tested through the stepping stone method. The results obtained by the proposed approach are compared with the fuzzy Hungarian-MODI approach and the presence of inherent uncertainties in FIBFS makes the former approach superior to the latter.

The transportation of big species is essential to rescue or relocate them and it requires the optimized cost of transportation. The present study brings out an optimized way to handle a special class of transportation problem called the Pythagorean fuzzy species transportation problem. To deal effectively with uncertain parameters, a new method for finding the initial fuzzy basic feasible solution (IFBFS) has been developed and applied. To test the optimality of the solutions obtained, a new approach named the Pythagorean fuzzy modified distribution method is developed. After reviewing the literature, it has been observed that till now the work done on Pythagorean fuzzy transportation problems is solely based on defuzzification techniques and so the optimal solutions obtained are in crisp form only. However, the proposed study is focused to get the optimal solution in its fuzzy form only. Getting results in the fuzzy form will lead to avoid any kind of loss of information during the defuzzification process. A comparative study with other defuzzification-based methods has been done to validate the proposed approach and it confirms the utility of the proposed methodology.