Mahmood Saleem

Dry reforming of methane has exhibited significant environmental benefits as it utilizes two major greenhouse gases (CO ₂ and CH ₄ ) to produce synthesis gas, a major building block for hydrocarbons. This process has gained industrial attention as catalyst deactivation due to coke deposition being a major hindrance. The present study focuses on the dry reforming of methane over Ni‐supported mesoporous zirconia support. Ni metal was loaded over in‐house synthesized mesoporous zirconia within the 0–15 wt% range using the wet impregnation method. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized catalysts were studied using various characterization techniques, namely, XRD, SEM, FTIR, TGA, and N ₂ adsorption‐desorption techniques. The activity of all the catalysts was evaluated at 750°C and gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 72000 ml/h/g _cat for 9 hours (540 min). The deactivation factor indicating a loss in conversion with time is reported for each catalyst. 10 wt% Ni/ZrO ₂ showed the highest feed conversion of about 68.8% for methane and 70.2% for carbon dioxide and the highest stability (15.1% deactivation factor and 21% weight loss) for dry reforming of methane to synthesis gas.

Pyrolysis behavior of ionic liquid (IL) pretreated coal and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) blends through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was studied. Three blends of coal and SCB having 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 ratios by weight were treated with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Emim][Cl]) at 150 °C for 3 h. Untreated and IL treated blends were then analyzed under pyrolytic conditions in a TGA at a constant ramp rate of 20 °C/min. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated using ten Coats-Redfern (CR) models to assess reaction mechanism. Results showed that the untreated blends followed a definite pattern and were proportional to the concentration of SCB in the blends. IL treated blends exhibited a higher average rate of degradation and total weight loss, indicating that IL had disrupted the cross-linking structure of coal and lignocellulosic structure of SCB. This will enhance the energy generation potential of biomass through thermochemical conversion processes. The lower activation energy (Ea) was calculated for IL treated blends, revealing facile thermal decomposition after IL treatment. Thermodynamic parameters, enthalpy change (ΔH), Gibbs free energy change (ΔG), and entropy change (ΔS), revealed that the pyrolysis reactions were endothermic. This study would help in designing optimized thermochemical conversion systems for energy generation.

Stir casting is the simplest and cheapest method to manufacture composite materials. The objective of the research work is to produce Aluminum Matrix Composites with LM5 as matrix material and Fly Ash as reinforcement material at 0, 5, 10 % by weight, using stir casting technique and to study the mechanical properties such as tensile test, impact test, hardness test. The wettability between all these materials is assured by stir casting process. The microstructure of the composite show that the reinforcement material is homogeneously distributed in the matrix materials. Tensile Strength decreases with increase in weight percentage of Fly Ash. The weight percentage of Fly Ash has no effect on the impact strength of the composite. The hardness increases with the increase in weight percentage of fly ash and hence the fly ash can be used for increasing the wear resistance of the composites, where hardness plays a major role in industries which can turn industrial waste into industrial wealth.

In present learning, surface protection layer progression of a third-grade fluid (TGF) is examined. Fluid transport within the micro passage made by the firm bladehas beenpresented. Main system of equations of fluidity have been narrated and streamlined by means of lubrication approximation theory (LAT). Here, approximate solutions of velocity, pressure gradient, and coating depth have been presented. Results of coating and layer forming have been tabulated and discussed as well. It is observed that the transport properties of third-order fluid delivers an instrument to regulate flow velocity, pressure, and affect the final coated region.

Environmental pollution is rising due to the excess use of fossil fuels causing severe global warming and acid rains. High market price and the limited amount of fossil fuels have caused energy crises worldwide especially in the underdeveloped countries. The huge amount of biomass organic wastes is being widely used as an alternative feedstock as a potential source for second generation biorefining process. In this research four different biomass wastes are used to investigate the yield of bio-oil and biochar using a conventional pyrolysis method. Rice husk, bagasse, sawdust (Dalbergia sisso Roxb.), and sawdust (Populus caspica Bornm.) are operated in a fixed bed reactor. The rationale of this study is to evaluate the effect of temperature on the yield of bio-oil and biochar at three different temperatures (300 o C, 400 o C, and 500 o C) with heating rate of 3.69 o C/min. The particle size of each biomass waste used was 0.498 mm. Sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst to enhance the rate of reaction. The proximate analysis of biomass wastes was performed in order to evaluate the moisture content, ash content, and volatile matter and fixed carbon. The results showed that with the increase of temperature, the bio-oil yield increases and biochar yield decreases. The highest yield of biooil (32.39%) was achieved at 500 o C from bagasse feedstock and the highest yield of biochar (37.50%) was obtained at 300 o C from rice husk feedstock.