Jong-Leng Liow

Recycling industrial waste into construction materials is becoming a fundamental strategy, offering a hopeful path toward sustainable construction practices. This study focuses on the innovative reuse of end-of-service wood and crumb rubber to develop environmentally favorable materials. Their high availability, lightweight properties, and high-energy absorption capacity make them highly suitable as additives in masonry unit production. Furthermore, using them with sustainable binding material, such as geopolymer, enhances the overall sustainability of the masonry, facilitating rapid strength development and enhancing durability while providing increased protection against fire and weathering. The study involved the development of an optimal mix design, which can potentially be used for the production of load-bearing and non-load-bearing masonry units. This was achieved by examining various proportions of wood, as well as combinations of wood and rubber, using a partial–factorial experimental design. The results show that wood-to-binder ratios ranging from 0.2 to 0.4 can potentially be used for the production of wood–geopolymer masonry units. Additionally, a ratio of 0.3 (with 50% wood and 50% rubber) was identified as potentially suitable for producing wood and rubber-based units.

As the environmental impact of modern society continues to escalate, the construction industry actively pursues environmentally friendly materials to revolutionize its practices. Recycling, especially repurposing end-of-service materials and industrial wastes, emerges as a pivotal strategy offering a promising path towards sustainable construction. This study focuses on the innovative reuse of end-of-service wood, crumb rubber, and cenosphere with geopolymer binder to produce sustainable alternatives to masonry units. The study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, cube samples were produced and tested to establish an optimal mix design. Results indicated that as the relative volume of waste increased, the compressive strength decreased. The compressive strength of the wood geopolymer composite decreased from 25 MPa to 4 MPa as the wood-to-binder ratio increased from 0.1 to 0.5. An increasing trend was observed for density with the increase of the rubber-to-wood ratio. The compressive strength also increased with the increase of the rubber-to-wood ratio for most of the investigated ranges. As fly ash is gradually replaced by cenospheres, a significant decrease in compressive strength was noted, about 70% and 80% for wood-to-binder (ratios of 0.2 and 0.3, respectively). In the second stage, three distinct types of masonry units were produced and tested based on the optimized mix design. The compressive strength results indicated promising performance, with wood-geopolymer masonry units exhibiting a strength of 8.39 MPa, wood-rubber-geopolymer masonry units achieving 8.32 MPa, and wood-cenosphere-geopolymer masonry units resulting in 7.33 MPa. While these values fell below the target 10 MPa, it is noteworthy that wood-geopolymer masonry units and wood-rubber-geopolymer masonry units met the minimum compressive strength requirements of some standards and demonstrated significantly better ductility compared to traditional masonry units. The results showcase significant promise in the viability and performance of these innovative masonry units.