Ming Zhou

Uric acid (UA) serves as a key biomarker for gout, cardiovascular disease, and kidney dysfunction, yet conventional detection methods relying on H ₂ O ₂ generation suffer from signal instability and interference from reductive species. Here, we report a uricase-like platinum-nitrogen-carbon nanozyme (Pt-N-C-NH ₃ ) that redirects UA oxidation from a two-electron pathway toward a four-electron pathway. By decreasing graphitic nitrogen content, the local electronic microenvironment of platinum sites is modulated, which is associated with a lower calculated free-energy change for the rate-determining absorbed oxygen to absorbed hydroxyl transformation from 1.25 to 0.62 electron volts and thereby promoting oxygen reduction to water. Integrated into a microneedle sensing platform, UA is converted to allantoin for chemiluminescent readout. The sensor exhibits a wide linear range of 50.00 to 1000.00 μM and a detection limit of 15.86 μM, while maintaining 97.57% signal stability against reductive interferents. This work demonstrates that atomic-level coordination engineering enables programmable control over reaction pathways in artificial enzyme systems, thereby facilitating robust biosensing in complex biological environments.

Monitoring the dynamic interactions between therapeutic drugs and physiological responses is essential for advancing precision medicine. The inter- and intrasubject variability in drug pharmacokinetics and physiological responses underscores the need for simultaneous and continuous monitoring of both parameters to address the limitations of current approaches that are invasive and unable to capture dynamic drug-body interactions. Here, we report a fully integrated epidermal nanosensor (termed PharmHemoSens) that enables real-time, noninvasive, and multimodal sweat monitoring of theophylline (THP), a widely prescribed medication for asthma, alongside key hemodynamic signals, including heart rate and blood pressure. PharmHemoSens monitors the sweat-based pharmacokinetic levels of THP at rest following its oral administration while simultaneously tracking the hemodynamic signals indicative of potential cardiovascular side effects, such as tachycardia and hypertension. On-body measurements demonstrate strong correlations between serum and sweat THP levels, validating the performance of PharmHemoSens for personalized dosing. By combining pharmacokinetic and physiological monitoring within a single skin-worn device, this work offers a practical foundation for closed-loop, individualized drug management.

Inter- and intrasubject physiological variability makes it essential to track the real-time interplay between therapeutic medications and the human body for precision medicine in both daily life and special contexts such as spacefaring. This creates an urgent need for noninvasive wearable sensors capable of real-time, simultaneous monitoring of individualized pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) responses. Yet, their development remains largely unexplored and technically challenging. Here, we present an integrated multimodal wearable NanoTracker (P²NanoTrek) that enables skin-on, noninvasive, real-time monitoring of multiple PK and PD biomarkers following the administration of metoprolol, a widely prescribed arrhythmia medication. In human participants, P²NanoTrek demonstrated real-time measurement of sweat metoprolol (PK biomarker) and heart rate (PD biomarker) under controlled conditions relevant to drug absorption and elimination. Furthermore, we established its potential for personalized pharmacotherapy by correlating sweat and plasma metoprolol levels and evaluating heart rate responses during a standard dosing challenge.

By fusing wearable sweat sensors for on-body sweat monitoring with textiles for daily wear, wearable textile sweat sensors (WTSSs) demonstrate the distinctive capability to monitor perspiration in real time while engaging in daily activities. However, previous WTSSs mainly focused on "weave-in-textile" or "print-on-textile" ones, which are permanently immobilized on specific regions of specific types of textiles prior to use and, accordingly, cannot be used in some specific routine circumstances (e.g., temporary changes in textile type/immobilization region). Here, in an alternative "stick-to-textile" approach, the first example of a single carbon microyarn-based integrated WTSS that is built into a hook-and-loop fastener (SI@HLF) for on-body, dynamic, and multiplexed sweat monitoring is reported. This system integrates a surface-engineered, loop-based antigravity transport module for directional sweat transport; a single carbon microyarn-based sensing array module for sweat biomarker analysis; a printed circuit board (PCB)-based data processing module for monitoring and control; and an adhesive module based on a patterned adhesive film on the loop for universal immobilization. We tested the performance of SI@HLF in healthy subjects under controlled trials simulating daily exercise. We also evaluated the utility of SI@HLF when immobilized on various types of textiles and textile regions during routine activities.

Wearable sweat sensors demonstrate significant potential for monitoring sweat biomarkers that contain rich information pertinent to physiological state in a dynamic and noninvasive manner. However, these wearables typically and heavily rely on external wireless smart display terminals (e.g., smartphones and tablet PCs) to visualize monitoring outcomes, which may tremendously limit their convenience and practicality in certain but almost unavoidable scenarios (e.g., carrying and self-checking while running). Here, we present an entirely self-contained electrochromic epidermal patch (ESEEP) for the visualized, simultaneous, and calibrated analysis of multiple sweat metabolites and electrolyte biomarkers. ESEEP consists of a sweat transport module for skin-on sweat sampling and refreshing, a sweat sensing array module for simultaneous and multiplexed sweat analysis, a central control module for signal processing and full system automatic control, and a visualizing array module with a built-in electrochromic display for measurement data display. In volunteers, ESEEP enables simultaneous and real-time tracking of sweat glucose and Na⁺ for risk assessment of hypoglycemia and dehydration during physical exercise, which is readily and directly visualized within such wearables. ESEEP with distinctive design and functionality for self-visualized, multiplexed, and skin-on sweat monitoring enables a broad range of tailored physiological and diagnostic monitoring with conspicuously high practicality and convenience.