He Zhu

Precision agriculture increasingly relies on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery for high-throughput crop phenotyping, yet existing deep learning detection models face critical constraints limiting practical deployment: computational demands incompatible with edge computing platforms and insufficient accuracy for multi-scale object detection across diverse environmental conditions. We present LSM-YOLO, a lightweight detection framework specifically designed for aerial wheat head monitoring that achieves state-of-the-art performance while maintaining minimal computational requirements. The architecture integrates three synergistic innovations: a Lightweight Adaptive Extraction (LAE) module that reduces parameters by 87.3% through efficient spatial rearrangement and adaptive feature weighting while preserving critical boundary information; a P2-level high-resolution detection head that substantially improves small object recall in high-altitude imagery; and a Dynamic Head mechanism employing unified multi-dimensional attention across scale, spatial, and task dimensions. Comprehensive evaluation on the Global Wheat Head Detection dataset demonstrates that LSM-YOLO achieves 91.4% mAP@0.5 and 51.0% mAP@0.5:0.95—representing 21.1% and 37.1% improvements over baseline YOLO11n—while requiring only 1.29 M parameters and 3.4 GFLOPs, constituting 50.0% parameter reduction and 46.0% computational cost reduction compared to the baseline.

The quick accumulation of bioavailable phosphorus (bio-P) promoted the ecosystem development at the very beginning of pedogenesis on the Hailuogou Glacier foreland. It is still unclear what role and how microbe played in bio-P accumulation at the very beginning of pedogenesis. Using the Hailuogou Glacier foreland on Gongga Mountain as a natural laboratory, microbial community assembly, co-occurrence networks, and PCGs were examined across four successional stages (S1-S4) before the pioneer plant emerged. The results indicated that bacteria were the dominant domain in all four stages. At the very beginning of pedogenesis, microorganisms adapted to scare bio-P conditions by regulating the functional expression of key PCGs. Key genes, including pqqE, gcd, phoD, and 3-Phytase, played a crucial role in mineral phosphorus solubilizing and organic phosphorus mineralizing. Community assembly was predominantly driven by deterministic processes under environmental pressures. Tight cooperative network structures within the microbial communities and dominant microbial taxa were the major factors accelerating the bio-P releasing into the soil. It can be concluded that microbepromoted bio-P accumulation at the very beginning of pedogenesis by regulating PCGs and typical microbial community constructing. These findings provided new insights into the mechanisms by which microbial communities regulate phosphorus dynamics during pedogenesis process.

The availability of phosphorus (P) in soils will ultimately determine forest productivity because of increasing P limitation in terrestrial ecosystems. However, how root exudates affect the availability of soil P in subalpine forests remains unclear. Here, bulk soils (BS) and rhizosphere soils (RS) under Abies fabri and Rhododendron decorum were respectively collected in the early-, mid- and late-growing seasons in a subalpine forest of eastern Tibetan Plateau, and low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs), microbial biomass P and P fractions were analyzed to decipher the effects of the plants on soil P availability. The P fractions in both BS and RS showed a distinct difference between A. fabri and R. decorum because of their different P acquisition strategies. The ericoid mycorrhiza-associated R. decorum sequestered soil available P through organic P mineralization, while the ectomycorrhizal mycorrhiza-associated A. fabri directly or indirectly acquired both the organic and inorganic P pools. Seasonal variations in soil available P further revealed that the difference in the P acquisition by the two species was closely associated with their growing stages. The increase in the concentrations of available P in RS of A. fabri was significantly related to the LMWOAs that dominated by citric acid, likely through the desorption or ligand exchange rather than acidification effect because of limited range of soil pH in the mid-growing season, while organic P mineralization contributed to available P for R. decorum in the early-growing season. The results of this study indicate that LMWOAs can significantly promote P availability in RS of A. fabri, mycorrhizal types and plant growing stages drive plant P acquisition, which results in the coexistence patterns of different species in the same habitat.