Johan Andoyo Effendi Noor

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a highly toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that induces oxidative stress and structural damage in hepatic tissue. Antioxidant-rich plant extracts have been proposed as potential protective agents against BaP-induced liver injury. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of soursop leaf, garlic, and moringa leaf extracts against BaP-induced liver damage using complementary histopathological and electrical property analyses. Eighty-five male mice were randomly assigned to 17 treatment groups consisting of one untreated control group, one benzo[a]pyrene-only (BaP) group, and fifteen antioxidant treatment groups receiving BaP exposure followed by soursop leaf extract, garlic extract, or moringa leaf extract at five different dose levels. Liver tissue damage was assessed through microscopic histopathological examination, while electrical properties as impedance, resistivity, and dielectric constant were measured to evaluate cellular membrane integrity and tissue bioelectrical function. The results demonstrated that BaP exposure induced marked liver tissue damage and disrupted hepatic electrical properties. Antioxidant treatment groups showed significant structural and bioelectrical recovery compared to the BaP-only group. Among the tested treatments, antioxidant administration at intermediate doses produced the most consistent protective effects. Overall, antioxidant supplementation attenuated oxidative damage, improved hepatic tissue integrity, and restored electrical homeostasis in BaP-exposed mice. These findings indicate that soursop leaf, garlic, and moringa leaf extracts possess hepatoprotective potential against benzo[a]pyrene-induced toxicity and support the use of combined histopathological and electrical property analyses as sensitive indicators for evaluating liver tissue recovery.

Radiation exposure protection is a critical aspect in the use of X-ray technology in the medical field. An effective radiation shielding design in X-ray rooms is not only important to protect patients, but also to ensure the safety of medical personnel who are routinely exposed to radiation. Alongside advancements in medical imaging technology, the design of X-ray rooms and shielding systems continues to evolve to meet increasingly stringent safety standards. This article aims to review recent approaches in radiation shielding design for X-ray rooms, with a focus on improving radiological protection. The study covers various types of materials used for shielding, such as lead, concrete, and alternative environmentally friendly materials, as well as new technologies in radiation protection systems. Additionally, it highlights optimal X-ray room design techniques, such as the placement of X-ray equipment, distance management, and room configuration, to minimize radiation exposure to unintended areas. Challenges in implementing shielding designs, including cost, space limitations, and compliance with safety regulations, are also thoroughly discussed. Furthermore, this article identifies the need for further research in this field, particularly regarding the development of more efficient and affordable shielding materials, as well as more innovative design approaches. The findings of this study are expected to provide new insights and practical recommendations that can be used by medical professionals, medical facility designers, and policymakers to enhance radiation safety standards in healthcare facilities.

The purpose of this paper is to review and summarize the relationship between the average mammary gland dose (MGD) and compressed breast thickness (CBT) in digital mammography. The relationship between MGD and CBT, measured using a dosimeter, shows that the thicker the breast, the higher the MGD. However, the relationship between MGD and CBT using patient data (i.e., actual MGD values) may not be directly proportional to CBT because it can be influenced by other factors, such as age. MGD values are directly proportional to CBT when based on phantom measurements. Across various brands and types of mammography units, MGD values are not always directly proportional due to differences in K patterns (incident air kerma), which create different automatic exposure control (AEC) modes. In conclusion, CBT has a complex relationship with MGD. In general, MGD is positively correlated with CBT because increasing breast thickness requires a higher radiation dose to produce optimal image quality. However, this relationship is not always linear and can be negatively correlated under certain conditions, considering the influence of other parameters that can affect both CBT and MGD.

The increasing use of the radiopharmaceutical Iodine-131 (I-131) in nuclear medicine services has implications for the potential for internal radiation received by workers. I-131 has high volatility so it has the potential to become an air contaminant and be inhaled by nuclear medicine staff as internal radiation exposure. This study aims to estimate I-131 contamination in staff at a nuclear medicine facility using a gamma spectrometer. Measurements of I-131 activity in the thyroid were carried out on 38 staff including medical physicists, nuclear medicine specialists, radiographers, radio-pharmacists, nurses, house attendants, and cleaners. The I-131 activity value measured in the staff's thyroid had an activity value range of 13.1 – 238.2 Bq in 13 nuclear medicine staff. Meanwhile, for 25 other medical staff, the I-131 activity values ??measured in the thyroid had activity values ??below the detection limit of the device (14.2 ± 4.3 Bq for men and 11.8 ± 3.5 Bq for women). The highest internal dose rate measured in the thyroid of Pramu Husada nuclear medicine staff and radiopharmaceuticals was 0.1-0.5 mSv/year. This value is still below the dose limit value for internal radiation.

Hot air rising (or convective airflow) is transparent gases (fluids) and invisible. The visualization of fluid dynamics is of considerable interest due to Hot air rising (or convective airflow) is transparent gases (fluids) and invisible. The visualization of fluid dynamics is of considerable interest due to

Formaldehyde is a kind of air pollutant with strong volatility at room temperature. Formaldehyde is emitted from many sources, such as furnishing, building sect

Stroke is a serious health problem faced by almost all over the world. The occurrence of ischemic stroke could affect the gray matter volume (GMV) in the human brain. In Magnetic Resonance imaging of an ischemic stroke with a FLAIR sequence, a white lesion known as the white matter hyperintensity (WMH) is often found. We studied correlation between gray matter volume (GMV) and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) in ischemic stroke patients using fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences. The MRI data were taken randomly from ten ischemic stroke patients (mean age 46.9 years) and ten normal patients (mean age 36.8 years). FLAIR axial image parameters, i.e. TE (time echo), TR (time repetition), and TI (time inversion) were analyzed. The results reveal that the TE and TR values in FLAIR images of normal and ischemic stroke patients are classified as long TE (more than 70 ms), long TR (more than 1500 ms) and long TI (more than 1700 ms). The mean GMV of ischemic stroke patients (1.371 cm3) is smaller than the GMV of normal patients (2.267 cm3). This is related to the presence of white matter hyperintensity (WMH) in ischemic stroke patients

Liver diseases have been linked to ambient emission exposure, especially fine (FP) and ultrafine particles (UFP). At the same time, the influence of specific emission sources is needed due to the increase in the number of emission sources. In this study, we evaluated the influence of motorcycle FP and UFP emission on mice livers. Motorcycles emission was selected due to the number of motorcycles that were reported to increase significantly, especially in developed countries. The emission was also chosen because no one had yet evaluated the influence of motorcycle FP and UFP exposure on the liver. In order to fill this gap, we evaluated the impact of motorcycle FP and UFP on mice. The mice were grouped into the control and experiment groups. The mice from the experimental groups were exposed to motorcycle FP and UFP particles in different exposure doses: C1 (20 s), C2 (40 s), C3 (60 s), C4 (80 s), and C5 (100 s). All of the exposure were conducted twice a day for eight consecutive days. On the last day, all mice were sacrificed, while the Kupffer cells were observed under a digital microscope. In the results, we found that the exposure doses strongly influenced the number of Kupffer cells (R2>0.9) with increased exposure doses. The influence of exposure day was also substantial but not as significant as the exposure doses (R2>0.8). Furthermore, the Kupffer cells number was raised logarithmically for the exposure doses or exposure day increases. The inflammation was also increased with the Kupffer cell number increase. We observed that the increased exposure dose increases the population with higher inflammation scores. The destructive liver index was raised with increased exposure doses and exposure days. In conclusion, motorcycle FP and UFP exposure significantly impact Kupffer cell activation, liver inflammation, and damage to mice’s liver. However, an evaluation of another source of particles, e.g., gasoline or diesel-fueled vehicles, are needed to find the characteristic of each source of emissions.

This study aimed to investigate the association between DEPs (diesel exhaust particulate matter) exposure and emphysematous lung. There were three buses used as diesel particulate matter sources. DEPs were classified into ultrafine, fine, and coarse particles with different aerodynamic diameters. This study used mice that were divided into control and treatment groups. The treated mice were exposed to the DEPs in different concentrations (low, mid, and high doses) for eight consecutive days. The control group did not receive any exposure treatment, while the exposed mice were sacrificed on the ninth day to get the lung samples. The lung samples were observed under a digital microscope to identify the normal and deformed alveolar cells. According to the observation results, the emphysematous level increased linearly to the DEPs dose concentration. The emphysematous level was found in the range of 64-80%, depending on the exposure dose concentration. In summary, direct exposure to the DEPs was correlated to the emphysematous level. This study has given a novel explanation of the bus exhaust emission risk as a heavy-duty vehicle in organs, especially due to the ultrafine, fine, and coarse particles exposures.

Bolus in radiotherapy is not only used as a compensator for irregular body surfaces, but it is also used to enhance the surface dose and decrease the depth range dose. Nowadays, “in-house boluses” or artificial boluses are being evolved, as they are designed by medical physicists to match the patients’ needs and to be made of low-cost materials. This research aims to create 15x15x1cm³ in-house boluses which are made of various materials such as silicone rubber, 3D printed TPU, resin, and silicone sealant. It also aims to determine the Relative Electron Density (RED) value, the absorption dose, and the Percentage of Surface Dose (PSD) of each bolus at 10 MeV and 12 MeV electron beam irradiation. The in-house bolus was irradiated by using Linac Elekta Synergy Platform with 10x10 cm² irradiation field area, 100 cm SSD, and radiation dose of 200 MU min⁻¹. The RED value was obtained by processing the CT-Scan image using radiAnt software. The results show that the RED value of silicone rubber, 3D print TPU, and silicone sealant boluses are close to the RED value of some hard tissues, while the RED value of resin is close to the RED value of soft tissues. Furthermore, various in-house boluses in this research were proven to be able to reduce the depth range of absorption dose and enhance the percentage of surface dose to 100% for the electron beam irradiation.