Ilmira Kh. Belyaletdinova

The article examines modern approaches to the nutritional support of athletes as a key factor in optimizing physical performance, accelerating recovery, and maintaining health. It presents current data on the physiological roles of macronutrients: carbohydrates (as the primary energy source and substrate for glycogen resynthesis), proteins (as building material for muscle tissue and regulators of muscle protein synthesis), and fats (as an energy source during prolonged physical exertion). Hydration strategies, principles of «high-quality» weight loss, and the concept of nutritional periodization aligned with the training cycle are discussed. Various groups of dietary supplements and ergogenic aids, including creatine, beta-alanine, caffeine, omega-3 PUFAs, vitamin D, and probiotics, are analyzed in detail, with an evidence-based assessment of their efficacy. Particular attention is paid to nutritional planning for the pre-, intra-, and post-workout stages (the «energy,» «anabolic,» and «adaptive» phases). A conclusion is drawn regarding the need for a personalized and scientifically grounded approach to sports nutrition, taking into account the specifics of the sport, the athlete’s individual characteristics, and the goals of the training process.

Helminthiases remain a significant global health issue, affecting billions of people. The increase in the introduction of tropical parasitic diseases into non-endemic regions, as well as the potential development of resistance to existing drugs, highlight the need to update knowledge and adapt treatment strategies. Objective : to present a systematized literature review on the effectiveness of anthelmintics. Methods : a review of modern domestic and foreign literature was carried out, the search was carried out using the keywords «treatment of helminthiasis», «treatment of nematodes», «treatment of trematodes», «treatment of cestodes» using the databases PubMed, Scopus, and the scientific library eLibrary.RU. Results : information on the main anthelmintic drugs is presented, the advantages and limitations of combination treatment regimens are considered, modern WHO recommendations for the treatment of various helminthiasis are summarized, and a summary table is presented with an overview of the drugs used to treat helminthiasis, indicating their spectrum of action and effectiveness. Conclusions : current approaches to helminthiasis treatment are characterized by a shift from narrowly focused methods to integrated strategies that include a combination of individual treatment with mass preventive measures. Despite the advances made, it is necessary to continue monitoring the susceptibility of helminths to drugs and adapt treatment regimens in a timely manner to effectively control the spread of parasitic diseases.

The COVID-19 pandemic has altered respiratory infection patterns in pediatric populations. The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and relaxation of public health measures have increased the likelihood of coinfections. Previous studies show conflicting results regarding the impact of viral and bacterial coinfections with SARS-CoV-2 on severity of pediatric disease. This study investigated the prevalence and clinical impact of coinfections among children hospitalized with COVID-19 during the Omicron wave. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 574 hospitalized patients aged under 18 years in Russia, from January 2022 to March 2023. Samples from patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory pathogens using qRT-PCR, bacterial culture tests and mass spectrometry, and ELISA. Approximately one-third of COVID-19 cases had coinfections, with viral and bacterial coinfections occurring at similar rates. Adenovirus and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common viral and bacterial coinfections, respectively. Viral coinfections were associated with higher fevers and increased bronchitis, while bacterial coinfections correlated with longer duration of illness and higher pneumonia rates. Non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses were linked to more severe lower respiratory tract complications than SARS-CoV-2 monoinfection. These findings suggest that during the Omicron wave, seasonal respiratory viruses may have posed a greater threat to children’s health than SARS-CoV-2.

Acute flaccid myelitis is a syndrome characterized as the development of acute flaccid paralysis of one or more limbs due to lesions of the anterior horns of the spinal cord, which occurs against the background of a viral infection. More than 300 acute flaccid paralysis cases are registered in the Russian Federation annually, most of them are of a non-infectious etiology. In some cases, patients develop a complex of symptoms similar to poliomyelitis, but without isolation of polioviruses from stool samples. Clinical characteristics of such cases include acute onset, fever, persistent peripheral asymmetric paresis/paralysis of predominantly proximal parts of the limbs, and absence of pathological reflexes, pelvic disturbances, or pyramidal symptoms. In literature, such complex of symptoms is referred as acute flaccid myelitis. We provide an analysis of 18 cases of acute flaccid myelitis detected in the Russian Federation in the period from 2015 to 2019. A clear seasonality of the disease from July to November was noted. Studies of faecal samples, cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples did not reveal the pathogen. In all patients, regardless of therapy, there was a positive trend, but complete recovery was not achieved: paresis of varying severity persisted, mainly in the proximal extremities Therefore, acute flaccid myelitis cases as acute flaccid paralysis cases of unknown etiology require an additional observation and an expanded algorithm of laboratory investigation aimed to finding a possible pathogen.

The tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is one of the most common members of the Orthoflavivirus genus, which comprises the causative agents of severe diseases in humans and animals. Due to the expanding areas of orthoflavivirus infection, its differential diagnosis is highly demanded. Commercial test kits based on inactivated TBEV may not provide reliable differentiation between flaviviruses because of serological crossover in this genus. Application of recombinant domains (sE and dIII) of the TBEV Sukhar-strain protein E as antigens in an ELISA test system allowed us to identify a wide range of antibodies specific to different TBEV strains. We tested 53 sera from human patients with confirmed TBE diagnosis (the efficacy of our test system based on sE protein was 98%) and 56 sera from patients with other orthoflavivirus infections in which no positive ones were detected using our ELISA test system, thus being indicative of its 100% specificity. We also tested mouse and rabbit sera containing antibodies specific to 17 TBEV strains belonging to different subtypes; this assay exhibited high efficacy and differentiation ability in detecting antibodies against TBEV from other orthoflaviviruses such as Omsk hemorrhagic fever, Powassan, yellow fever, dengue, West Nile, Zika, and Japanese encephalitis viruses.

The recombinant domains (sE and dIII) of the E protein of the Suhar strain of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) were used as antigens in the ELISA test system, which allowed to identify a wide range of antibodies to various TBEV strains. We tested 53 sera from confirmed TBE patients and our sE protein-based assay was 98 % effective. 56 sera from patients with other orthoflavivirus infections were used, among which not a single positive result was detected, which indicates its 100 % specificity. We also tested mouse and rabbit sera containing antibodies to 17 TBEV strains referring to different subtypes and showed high efficiency and ability to differentiate antibodies to TBEV from antibodies to other orthoflaviviruses: Omsk hemorrhagic fever, Powassan, yellow fever, dengue, West Nile, Zika and Japanese encephalitis.

Мультисистемный воспалительный синдром, ассоциированный с коронавирусной инфекцией COVID-19, у взрослого пациента: клиническое наблюдение

The chronic form of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is understudied and seems to be linked exclusively to Siberian and Far Eastern TBE virus (TBEV) subtypes. There are limited clinical descriptions demonstrating that chronic TBE can resemble an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-like disease. Here, we present a description of a clinical case of progressive chronic TBEV infection with a relapse 35 years after the initial acute infection following a tick bite. The disease manifested as an ALS-like syndrome with bulbar signs, progressive muscle weakness and atrophy, decreased reflexes, and eventual respiratory failure and death. There is no clear differentiation between chronic TBE and postencephalitic syndrome described in European sources. The reactivation of TBEV infection was supported by the presence of anti-TBEV antibodies in serum and antibodies to E protein and to the nonstructural protein NS1 in the CSF. These findings support the diagnosis of a relapse of chronic TBE in this patient.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the most commonly identified cause of infectious meningoencephalitis in Western countries. Previous studies showed that neurological defects can form during HSV meningoencephalitis, ranging from symptomatic epilepsy to mental and movement disorders. The recovery of Cognitive Mental Functions (CMF) in a patient who survived HSV meningoencephalitis was evaluated. The results were compared with MRI and EEG data. A follow-up observation of the patient was carried out for more than 1 year. During the observation period, the patient showed improvement of CMF, while MRI scans showed no observable improvement. Current neuropsychological methods give enough information for the assessment of CMF in patients after neurological infections and are essential for evaluating new treatment methods and monitoring of possible deterioration or relapse.