David R. Bowling

Laminated soil carbonate rinds are a Quaternary paleoclimate archive whose isotope composition is linked to soil formation conditions. At Rio Mesa, Utah (USA), we investigated the fidelity of rind records in a river terrace setting by determining the seasonal timing of rind formation and testing for inter‐record replication. We infer soil carbonate formed in the spring season, contrasting with our prior inference of summer formation at Teasdale, Utah, ≈200 km distant. This apparent discrepancy occurs because of differences in the timing of the largest annual infiltration (spring vs. summer). At Rio Mesa, modern soil data show that soil carbonate δ ¹³ C would have high values (−2 to 2‰ VPDB) regardless of seasonal activity of C ₃ versus C ₄ plants because respiration rate is a strong control. We accordingly suggest reassessment of published records interpreting soil carbonate δ ¹³ C only via C ₃ versus C ₄ plant abundance. Three rind δ ¹³ C and δ ¹⁸ O records generally replicated. Intriguingly, rind δ ¹³ C may inversely correlate with summer insolation, evidence for global‐scale influence on soils. Rind δ ¹⁸ O is not as clearly correlated with published western USA paleoclimate records, potentially due to regional differences in climate and because rinds record soil‐specific processes. Our results support the fidelity of the soil carbonate rind paleoarchive and suggest that because rind formation seasonality is intimately tied to infiltration seasonality, spatial transects of rind records might be used to delineate boundaries between areas dominated by spring and summer infiltration, permitting reconstruction of the geographic extent of large‐scale hydrologic phenomena such as the North American Monsoon.

Recent advances in the measurement of water content within a forest have led to new possibilities to study canopy evaporation. We used a pair of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers (one above the canopy and one near the forest floor) to calculate the vegetation optical depth (VOD) during the warm season in a Colorado subalpine forest. One goal in our study was to compare VOD to the concurrent tree sway motion and subcanopy/above-canopy eddy covariance evapotranspiration (ET) measurements. We found that VOD increased and tree sway frequency decreased during wet periods; furthermore, both measurements exhibited a linear relationship with each other and suggested that it took around 14 h after rainfall ceased for the intercepted rainwater to fully evaporate from the canopy. On dry days, we found that tree sway was more sensitive to diel changes in internal tree water content than VOD. The ET measurements provided quantitative estimates of canopy evaporation (0.02 mm h⁻¹ at night to 0.08 mm h⁻¹ during midday). Following rainfall, nighttime VOD, tree sway, and ET all showed a steady (nearly constant) drying of the canopy. Variability in the VOD and tree sway measurements, comparisons with water content from the CLM4.5 land surface model, and challenges with ET measurements are also discussed.

Recent advances in the measurement of water content within a forest, have led to new possibilities to study canopy evaporation. We used a pair of Global Navigation Satellite System GNSS receivers (one above the canopy and one near the forest floor) to calculate the vegetation optical depth VOD during the warm season in a Colorado subalpine forest. One goal in our study was to compare VOD to the concurrent tree sway motion and subcanopy/above-canopy eddy-covariance evapotranspiration ET measurements. We found that VOD increased and tree sway frequency decreased during wet periods; furthermore, both measurements exhibited a linear relationship between each other and suggested that it took around 14 h after rainfall ceased for the intercepted rainwater to fully evaporate from the canopy. On dry days, we found that tree sway was more sensitive to diel changes in internal tree-water content than VOD. The ET measurements provided quantitative estimates of canopy evaporation (0.02 mm h⁻¹ at night, to 0.08 mm h⁻¹ during mid-day). Following rainfall, nighttime VOD, tree sway and ET all showed a steady (nearly constant) drying of the canopy. Variability in the VOD and tree sway measurements, comparisons with water content from the CLM4.5 land-surface model, and challenges with ET measurements, are also discussed.

Recent advances in the measurement of water content within a forest, have led to new possibilities to study canopy evaporation. We used a pair of Global Navigation Satellite System GNSS receivers (one above the canopy and one near the forest floor) to calculate the vegetation optical depth VOD during the warm season in a Colorado subalpine forest. One goal in our study was to compare VOD to the concurrent tree sway motion and subcanopy/above-canopy eddy-covariance evapotranspiration ET measurements. We found that VOD increased and tree sway frequency decreased during wet periods; furthermore, both measurements exhibited a linear relationship between each other and suggested that it took around 14 h after rainfall ceased for the intercepted rainwater to fully evaporate from the canopy. On dry days, we found that tree sway was more sensitive to diel changes in internal tree-water content than VOD. The ET measurements provided quantitative estimates of canopy evaporation (0.02 mm h⁻¹ at night, to 0.08 mm h⁻¹ during mid-day). Following rainfall, nighttime VOD, tree sway and ET all showed a steady (nearly constant) drying of the canopy. Variability in the VOD and tree sway measurements, comparisons with water content from the CLM4.5 land-surface model, and challenges with ET measurements, are also discussed.

Recent advances in the measurement of water content within a forest, have led to new possibilities to study canopy evaporation. We used a pair of Global Navigation Satellite System GNSS receivers (one above the canopy and one near the forest floor) to calculate the vegetation optical depth VOD during the warm season in a Colorado subalpine forest. One goal in our study was to compare VOD to the concurrent tree sway motion and subcanopy/above-canopy eddy-covariance evapotranspiration ET measurements. We found that VOD increased and tree sway frequency decreased during wet periods; furthermore, both measurements exhibited a linear relationship between each other and suggested that it took around 14 h after rainfall ceased for the intercepted rainwater to fully evaporate from the canopy. On dry days, we found that tree sway was more sensitive to diel changes in internal tree-water content than VOD. The ET measurements provided quantitative estimates of canopy evaporation (0.02 mm h⁻¹ at night, to 0.08 mm h⁻¹ during mid-day). Following rainfall, nighttime VOD, tree sway and ET all showed a steady (nearly constant) drying of the canopy. Variability in the VOD and tree sway measurements, comparisons with water content from the CLM4.5 land-surface model, and challenges with ET measurements, are also discussed.

Recent advances in the measurement of water content within a forest, have led to new possibilities to study canopy evaporation. We used a pair of Global Navigation Satellite System GNSS receivers (one above the canopy and one near the forest floor) to calculate the vegetation optical depth VOD during the warm season in a Colorado subalpine forest. One goal in our study was to compare VOD to the concurrent tree sway motion and subcanopy/above-canopy eddy-covariance evapotranspiration ET measurements. We found that VOD increased and tree sway frequency decreased during wet periods; furthermore, both measurements exhibited a linear relationship between each other and suggested that it took around 14 h after rainfall ceased for the intercepted rainwater to fully evaporate from the canopy. On dry days, we found that tree sway was more sensitive to diel changes in internal tree-water content than VOD. The ET measurements provided quantitative estimates of canopy evaporation (0.02 mm h⁻¹ at night, to 0.08 mm h⁻¹ during mid-day). Following rainfall, nighttime VOD, tree sway and ET all showed a steady (nearly constant) drying of the canopy. Variability in the VOD and tree sway measurements, comparisons with water content from the CLM4.5 land-surface model, and challenges with ET measurements, are also discussed.

Recent advances in the measurement of water content within a forest, have led to new possibilities to study canopy evaporation. We used a pair of Global Navigation Satellite System GNSS receivers (one above the canopy and one near the forest floor) to calculate the vegetation optical depth VOD during the warm season in a Colorado subalpine forest. One goal in our study was to compare VOD to the concurrent tree sway motion and subcanopy/above-canopy eddy-covariance evapotranspiration ET measurements. We found that VOD increased and tree sway frequency decreased during wet periods; furthermore, both measurements exhibited a linear relationship between each other and suggested that it took around 14 h after rainfall ceased for the intercepted rainwater to fully evaporate from the canopy. On dry days, we found that tree sway was more sensitive to diel changes in internal tree-water content than VOD. The ET measurements provided quantitative estimates of canopy evaporation (0.02 mm h⁻¹ at night, to 0.08 mm h⁻¹ during mid-day). Following rainfall, nighttime VOD, tree sway and ET all showed a steady (nearly constant) drying of the canopy. Variability in the VOD and tree sway measurements, comparisons with water content from the CLM4.5 land-surface model, and challenges with ET measurements, are also discussed.

Recent advances in the measurement of water content within a forest, have led to new possibilities to study canopy evaporation. We used a pair of Global Navigation Satellite System GNSS receivers (one above the canopy and one near the forest floor) to calculate the vegetation optical depth VOD during the warm season in a Colorado subalpine forest. One goal in our study was to compare VOD to the concurrent tree sway motion and subcanopy/above-canopy eddy-covariance evapotranspiration ET measurements. We found that VOD increased and tree sway frequency decreased during wet periods; furthermore, both measurements exhibited a linear relationship between each other and suggested that it took around 14 h after rainfall ceased for the intercepted rainwater to fully evaporate from the canopy. On dry days, we found that tree sway was more sensitive to diel changes in internal tree-water content than VOD. The ET measurements provided quantitative estimates of canopy evaporation (0.02 mm h⁻¹ at night, to 0.08 mm h⁻¹ during mid-day). Following rainfall, nighttime VOD, tree sway and ET all showed a steady (nearly constant) drying of the canopy. Variability in the VOD and tree sway measurements, comparisons with water content from the CLM4.5 land-surface model, and challenges with ET measurements, are also discussed.

Recent advances in the measurement of water content within a forest, have led to new possibilities to study canopy evaporation. We used a pair of Global Navigation Satellite System GNSS receivers (one above the canopy and one near the forest floor) to calculate the vegetation optical depth VOD during the warm season in a Colorado subalpine forest. One goal in our study was to compare VOD to the concurrent tree sway motion and subcanopy/above-canopy eddy-covariance evapotranspiration ET measurements. We found that VOD increased and tree sway frequency decreased during wet periods; furthermore, both measurements exhibited a linear relationship between each other and suggested that it took around 14 h after rainfall ceased for the intercepted rainwater to fully evaporate from the canopy. On dry days, we found that tree sway was more sensitive to diel changes in internal tree-water content than VOD. The ET measurements provided quantitative estimates of canopy evaporation (0.02 mm h⁻¹ at night, to 0.08 mm h⁻¹ during mid-day). Following rainfall, nighttime VOD, tree sway and ET all showed a steady (nearly constant) drying of the canopy. Variability in the VOD and tree sway measurements, comparisons with water content from the CLM4.5 land-surface model, and challenges with ET measurements, are also discussed.